OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) exposure and infection among Indigenous and tribal populations globally.
METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS: We systematically searched bibliographic databases and grey literature (1/01/2000-16/06/2022). Prevalence estimates were synthesised overall, by World Health Organization region and HCV-risk group. For studies with comparator populations, prevalence ratios were estimated and pooled.
RESULTS: Ninety-two studies were included. Globally, among general Indigenous and tribal populations, the median prevalence of HCV antibody (HCV Ab) was 1.3% (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.3-3.8%, I2 = 98.5%) and HCV RNA was 0.4% (IQR: 0-1.3%, I2 = 96.1%). The Western Pacific Region had the highest prevalence (HCV Ab: median: 3.0% [IQR: 0.4-11.9%], HCV RNA: median 5.6% [IQR: 2.0-8.8%]). Prevalence was highest in people who injected drugs (HCV Ab: median: 59.5%, IQR: 51.5-67.6%, I2 = 96.6%; and HCV RNA: median: 29.4%, IQR: 21.8-35.2%, I2 = 97.2%). There was no association between HCV Ab prevalence and Indigenous/tribal status for general populations (prevalence ratio = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.56, 1.49) or key risk groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Indigenous and tribal peoples from the Western Pacific Region and recognised at-risk sub-populations had higher HCV prevalence. HCV prevalence showed no association with Indigenous/tribal status. However, this review was limited by heterogeneity and poor quality of constituent studies, varying definitions of Indigenous/tribal status, regional data gaps, and limited studies on chronic infection (HCV RNA). Comprehensive quality evidence on HCV epidemiology in Indigenous and tribal peoples is needed to tailor preventive and treatment interventions so these populations are not left behind in elimination efforts.

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing interest in hospital rehabilitation services for communities, studies on existing community-based rehabilitation (CBR) services remain scarce owing to limitations in the development of community health services and regional cultural diversity. As a guaranteed measure for ensuring the quality of rehabilitation services and achieving the desired service outcomes, clear roles and responsibilities in multidisciplinary teams and effective service delivery are particularly important.
OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aimed to determine the scope of community stroke rehabilitation programs involving existing multidisciplinary teams and to analyze the implementation content and implementers\' functional roles to provide guidance for future CBR programs.
METHODS: The scoping review design followed the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute and was based on the normative scoping review framework proposed by Arksey and O\'Malley. The comprehensive CBR framework was proposed by World Health Organization-guided data charting and analysis.
RESULTS: Of the 22,849 identified citations, 74 studies were included, consisting of 6,809 patients with stroke and 49 primary caregivers, most of whom were from China. The most common working mode in CBR programs was a dual approach involving both healthcare professionals in medical institutions and community healthcare professionals. The number of programs in each discipline was in the following descending order: nursing, medical care, rehabilitation, psychology, nutrition, and public health. Among these, multidisciplinary teams comprising medical, nursing, and rehabilitation disciplines were the most common, with a total of 29 programs. Disciplinary members were mainly responsible for implementing their respective disciplinary content, with physicians providing guidance for the programs. More than 82.4% of the studies reported 2-4 intervention strategies. The intervention forms of rehabilitation content were the most diverse, whereas preventive interventions were more homogeneous than others. Physical function and socio-psychological measurements were the most commonly reported outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: CBR services implemented by multidisciplinary teams can effectively achieve functional and emotional improvement in patients with stroke, and nurses are the most involved in implementation, especially in community settings. The results further emphasize the importance of strengthening the exploration of nurses\' maximum potential to implement CBR plans in future practice.
BACKGROUND: The registration information for this scoping review can be found at osf.io/pv7tg.

UNASSIGNED: The population of older people should be supported to enjoy optimal quality of life. Health professionals should consider a range of interventions that support the older population to maintain their quality of life. One such interventional approach involves spiritual care.
UNASSIGNED: To explore what is known about spiritual care approaches for older people living in the community.
UNASSIGNED: Scoping review informed by Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. Eight electronic databases were searched: CINAHL, Ageline, PubMed, ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health, PsycINFO, Scopus, Garuda, and Neliti. The review included quantitative and qualitative primary peer-reviewed research studies focusing on spiritual care interventions for older people living in the community published between 2011 and 2021 in English or Bahasa Indonesia. The search was uploaded into an electronic citation manager and imported into Covidence for screening.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 29 studies were included in the review. While the studies were conducted in five continents, most were reported from the Asian continent. Five key issues based on the outcome of interventions were found namely psychological, physical, spiritual, multidisciplinary approach, and social connection.
UNASSIGNED: This scoping review identifies spiritual interventions conducted across many countries have been implemented for older people living in the community. Although there are review limitations and further research is needed, these spiritual interventions, both faith-based and non-faith-based, are identified as useful to support the well-being of older people.

BACKGROUND: The field of health has been facing challenges with fraudulent practices and the prevalence of \"quack medicine\". Many cases have given rise to this issue. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively investigate and categorize the causes and consequences of quack medicine in the healthcare.
METHODS: A scoping review, using the 5 stages of Arksey and O\'Malley\'s framework, was conducted to retrieve and analyze the literature. International databases including the PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science and also national Iranian databases were searched to find peer reviewed published literature in English and Persian languages. Grey literature was also included. Meta-Synthesis was applied to analyze the findings through an inductive approach.
RESULTS: Out of 3794 initially identified studies, 30 were selected for this study. Based on the findings of this research, the causes of quackery in the health were divided into six categories: political, economic, socio-cultural, technical-organizational, legal and psychological. Additionally, the consequences of this issue were classified into three categories: health, economic and social. Economic and social factors were found to have a more significant impact on the prevalence of quackery in the health sector. Legal and technical-organizational factors played a crucial role in facilitating fraudulent practices, resulting in severe health consequences.
CONCLUSIONS: It is evident that governing bodies and health systems must prioritize addressing economic and social factors in combating quackery in the health sector. Special attention should be paid to the issue of cultural development and community education to strengthen the mechanisms that lead to the society access to standard affordable services. Efforts should be made also to improve the efficiency of legislation, implementation and evaluation systems to effectively tackle this issue.

Research that examines the intersections of Indigenous Peoples\' health and wellbeing with climate change and biodiversity loss is abundant in the global scholarship. A synthesis of this evidence base is crucial in order to map current pathways of impact, as well as to identify responses across the global literature that advance Indigenous health and wellbeing, all while centering Indigenous voices and perspectives. This protocol details our proposed methodology to systematically conduct an umbrella review (or review of reviews) of the synthesized literature on climate change, biodiversity loss, and the health and wellbeing of Indigenous Peoples globally.
A multidisciplinary team of Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars will conduct the review, guided by an engagement process with an Indigenous Experts group. A search hedge will be used to search PubMed®, Scopus®, Web of Science™, CINAHL (via EBSCOHost®), and Campbell Collaboration databases and adapted for use in grey literature sources. Two independent reviewers will conduct level one (title/abstract) and level two (full-text) eligibility screening using inclusion/exclusion criteria. Data will be extracted from included records and analyzed using quantitative (e.g., basic descriptive statistics) and qualitative methods (e.g., thematic analysis, using a constant comparative method).
This protocol outlines our approach to systematically and transparently review synthesized literature that examines the intersections of climate change, biodiversity loss, and Indigenous Peoples\' health and wellbeing globally.
This protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on April 24, 2023 (registration number: CRD42023417060).

Risks to an individual\'s health should be considered alongside the environmental, sociocultural and sociopolitical context(s) in which they live. Environmental mapping is an approach to identifying enablers and barriers to health within a community. The Indigenous Indicator Classification System (IICS) framework has been used to map the environment in Australian Indigenous communities. The IICS is a four-level nested hierarchical framework with subject groups including culture, sociopolitical and built at the top of the hierarchy and indicators at the bottom. The objective of this scoping review is to map the cultural, sociopolitical, environmental and built assets that support health and well-being that exist in each Torres Strait Island community.
This review will be conducted according the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) method for scoping reviews. It will include sources that identify cultural, sociopolitical, environmental and built assets that support health and well-being that exist in each Torres Strait Island community. Databases to be searched include: Informit; Scopus; Web of Science; HealthInfoNet, BioOne Complete and Green File. Sources of unpublished and grey literature will be located using Google and Google Scholar. Searches will be limited to the English language and literature published since January 2018 to ensure that the assets mapped reflect current conditions on each island. Data that answers the research question will be extracted from sources and recorded in an adaptation of the IICS. Quantitative analysis of the data will include summing each asset for individual islands and their associated clusters. Data will be presented graphically, diagrammatically, or in tabular form depending on what approach best conveys its meaning.
The Far North Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee (reference HREC/2022/QCH/88 155-1624) has approved this study. Dissemination of the review\'s findings will be led by Torres Strait Islander members of the research team through conferences and peer-reviewed publications.

This systematic review aimed to assess the available body of published peer-reviewed articles related to the effects of Olympic combat sports (OCS) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in the non-athlete population. The methodological quality and certainty of evidence were evaluated using PRISMA, TESTEX, RoB, and GRADE scales. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42023391433). From 4133 records, six randomized controlled trials were included, involving 855 non-athletes (mean age = 27.2 years old). The TESTEX scale reported all studies with a ≥ 60% (moderate-high quality) score. The GRADE scale indicated moderate to low certainty of evidence. It was only possible to perform a meta-analysis on direct methods to maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max). The main results indicated significant differences in favor of OCS compared to active/passive controls in VO2max (SMD = 4.61; 95%CI = 1.46 to 7.76; I2 = 99%; p = 0.004), while the individual results of the studies reported significant improvements in favor of the OCS on the indirect methods of the CRF. OCS improved CRF in a healthy non-athlete population of different ages, specifically showing a significant improvement in VO2max with direct tests, such as cardiopulmonary tests. However, moderate to low certainty of evidence is reported, so no definitive recommendations can be established.

Loneliness is a significant public health concern due to its detrimental impact on health and wellbeing. Despite people with disability reporting higher levels of loneliness than the general population, there has been little research into how this is affecting their health and wellbeing. In light of this, the aim of our study was to scope both the existing evidence about the health and wellbeing outcomes associated with loneliness for people with disability, as well as the conceptual frameworks and measures utilised in this field of research.
To conduct this scoping review, we followed the methodology outlined by JBI and searched MEDLINE, Scopus, Informit, Embase, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed, English-language articles published between 1 January 2000 and 8 February 2023. Two independent reviewers completed screening, full-text review and data extraction, with consensus sought at each stage. Data were analysed using content analysis and presented both numerically and narratively.
Out of the initial 1602 publications identified in the scoping review, only nine were included after duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text review. This limited number of studies, with the earliest study one published in 2015, represents a key finding. Eight of the nine studies were quantitative, and all were conducted in high income countries. Most of these studies utilised a version of the University of Los Angles Loneliness Scale to measure loneliness and addressed specific impairment groups. Notably, most of the studies identified associations between loneliness and health and wellbeing outcomes for people with disability.
This scoping review highlights the current scarcity of studies examining the effect that loneliness has on the health and wellbeing outcomes of people with disability. As most of the reviewed studies relied on loneliness measures designed for individuals without disability, they potentially overlook the unique life experiences of people with disability. Given that loneliness is an international public health concern, it is imperative that people with disability are not left behind or overlooked in efforts to address the impact of loneliness on health and wellbeing.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are some of the leading causes of death worldwide, with coronary artery disease leading as one of the primary causes of mortality in both the developing and developed worlds. Despite its prevalence, there is a disproportionately small number of studies conducted in populations of non-European ancestry, with the limited sample sizes of such studies further restricting the power and generalizability of respective findings. This research aimed at understanding the differences in the genetic architecture of coronary artery disease (CAD) in populations of diverse ancestries in order to contribute towards the understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease.
METHODS: We performed a systematic review on the 6th of October, 2022 summarizing genome-wide association studies on coronary artery disease, while employing the GWAS Catalog as an independent database to support the search. We developed a framework to assess the methodological quality of each study. We extracted and grouped associated single nucleotide polymorphisms and genes according to ancestry groups of participants.
RESULTS: We identified 3100 studies, of which, 36 relevant studies were included in this research. Three of the studies that were included were not listed in the GWAS Catalog, highlighting the value of conducting an independent search alongside established databases in order to ensure the full research landscape has been captured. 743,919 CAD case participants from 25 different countries were analysed, with 61% of the studies identified in this research conducted in populations of European ancestry. No studies investigated populations of Africans living in continental Africa or admixed American ancestry groups besides African-Americans, while limited sample sizes were included of population groups besides Europeans and East Asians. This observed disproportionate population representation highlights the gaps in the literature, which limits our ability to understand coronary artery disease as a global disease. 71 genetic loci were identified to be associated with coronary artery disease in more than one article, with ancestry-specific genetic loci identified in each respective population group which were not detected in studies of other ancestries.
CONCLUSIONS: Although the replication and validation of these variants are still warranted, these finding are indicative of the value of including diverse ancestry populations in GWAS reference panels, as a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of CAD can be achieved.

OBJECTIVE: This paper argues for the enhancement of scoping review methods to incorporate Indigenous ways of knowing, being, and doing for more effective understandings of evidence of importance to Indigenous populations.
METHODS: Scoping review methodology typically aims to understand existing evidence and support translation of evidence into practice. Levac and colleagues (2010) scoping review methodology stages: 1) Identify the research question; 2) Identify relevant studies; 3) Study selection; 4) Charting the data; 5) Collating, summarising, and reporting results; and 6) Consultation were considered from the perspective of Indigenous knowledges and adapted accordingly.
RESULTS: An enhanced method better aligns with Indigenous methodologies which are based on relationality, collaboration, partnership, reciprocity, and benefit. Consultation was redefined in this enhancement as partnership and integrated throughout scoping review stages, which are underpinned by key methodological principles.
CONCLUSIONS: Enhancement of scoping review stages with Indigenous ways of knowing, being, and doing has the potential to strengthen the utility of scoping review methods to better meet the needs of and ensure relevance for Indigenous populations.
CONCLUSIONS: These enhancements can increase the potential for knowledge translation and implementation of culturally relevant evidence-based approaches into practice for Indigenous populations and for other populations who experience health inequities.