Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a prompt and non-invasive imaging modality helpful in detecting pathological abnormalities within the retina and the choroid. This narrative review and case series provides an overview on the current application of FAF in posterior and panuveitis. The literature was reviewed for articles on lesion characteristics on FAF of specific posterior and panuveitis entities as well as benefits and limitations of FAF for diagnosing and monitoring disease. FAF characteristics are described for non-infectious and infectious uveitis forms as well as masquerade syndromes. Dependent on the uveitis entity, FAF is of diagnostic value in detecting disease and following the clinical course. Currently available FAF modalities which differ in excitation wavelengths can provide different pathological insights depending on disease entity and activity. Further studies on the comparison of FAF modalities and their individual value for uveitis diagnosis and monitoring are warranted.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the detectability of optic disc drusen (ODD), using various non-invasive imaging techniques, including the novel retro-mode imaging (RMI), as well as to analyze the morphological characteristics of ODD on RMI.
METHODS: This study involved seven patients with bilateral ODD, totaling 14 eyes. Multimodal imaging techniques, including multicolor fundus photography (MC), near-infrared reflectance (NIR), green and blue light fundus autofluorescence (G-FAF and B-FAF, respectively), and RMI were used to examine the eyes. FAF was used as the primary method of identifying ODD, and each method\'s detection rate was compared by two observers. Quantitative measurements of ODD included the number of ODD visualized by the RMI technique, the perimeter (P) and area (A) of ODD were identified.
RESULTS: The average age of the patients included was 49.28 ± 23.16 years, with five of the seven being men. RMI was able to detect ODD in all cases, with a sensitivity of 100%, compared to MC (sensitivity 60.71%), NIR (sensitivity 60.71%), B-FAF (sensitivity 100%), G-FAF (sensitivity 100%). RMI was the only imaging technique capable of assessing ODD morphology and quantifying ODD.
CONCLUSIONS: RMI is a promising imaging modality for diagnosing superficial ODD, providing valuable information on the distribution, location, and size of ODD. We suggest the incorporation of RMI as a complementary tool for diagnosing and monitoring ODD in combination with other multimodal imaging methods.

OBJECTIVE: To describe near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) for assessment of gastric viability and describe NIRF\'s influence on the surgeon\'s operative strategy in dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV).
METHODS: Prospective clinical trial.
METHODS: Twenty dogs with GDV and 20 systemically healthy dogs.
METHODS: Following gastric derotation, the surgeon\'s subjective assessment of gastric viability was recorded prior to near-infrared imaging. Changes in the surgeon\'s initial assessment of viability based on the visual pattern of gastric fluorescence was recorded. If nonviable (lack of defined vessels), a partial gastrectomy was performed and submitted for histopathology. The stapled gastrectomy line was imaged. Viable (defined vessels) and nonviable fluorescence intensities were compared with healthy dogs undergoing surgery for nongastrointestinal disease.
RESULTS: Subjective assessment diagnosed 17 viable and three nonviable GDVs (2 fundi; 1 cardia). Near-infrared imaging demonstrated nonviable gastric fluorescence in 4 dogs (3 fundi/cardia; 1 fundus). The surgeon\'s margins for resection were altered in 3/20 dogs. Fluorescence intensity (cardia, fundus, body, pylorus) was lower in GDV viable (30.59%, p = .04; 38.17%, p < .01; 51.18%, p < .01; 44.12%, p= .01) and nonviable (11.00%, p < .01; 4.33%, p < .01; 57.67%, p = .22; 54.33%, p = .72) dogs compared to healthy controls (44.7%, 70.05%, 84.00%, 63.95%). Fundic fluorescence was less in nonviable gastric tissue in comparison with viable gastric tissue (p = .03). Fluorescence of the gastrectomy staple line approximated that of viable tissue.
CONCLUSIONS: Near-infrared fluorescence can identify histologically confirmed nonviable gastric tissue.
CONCLUSIONS: These results provide enough evidence to support the implementation of NIRF as an adjunct to gross examination of the gastric wall in dogs with GDV.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy guided by near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIR-FI) has been utilized extensively. However, it is difficult to resect \"cone units\" above the third branch of the Glissonean pedicle in the right posterior lobe using the laparoscopic positive or negative staining techniques. Therefore, we undertook a new laparoscopic segmentectomy based on the concept of \"cone unit\" assisted by interventional radiology combined with NIR-FI.
METHODS: Laparoscopic segmentectomy guided by NIR-FI via super-selective hepatic arteriography and trans-arterial injection of ICG was carried out on 13 patients with early-stage HCC between September 2020 and January 2022.11 of cases were successful, and relevant pathological characteristics and perioperative outcomes were retrospectively analyzed.
RESULTS: Two cases failed NIR-FI out of which one case involved over-staining to the non-target segment, and in the other case, which was to undergo laparoscopic segment V resection, only the ventral segment was stained while the imaging of the dorsal segment failed. In the intraoperative conditions, the tumor safe margin was 1.1 (0.7-1.55) cm, the interventional operation time was 50 (45.5-60.5) minutes, the operation time was 280 (242.5-307.5) minutes, the blood loss was 100 (50-200) ml, the postoperative hospital stay was 5 (4.5-5.5) days. No cases converted to laparotomy, and no serious postoperative complications developed.
CONCLUSIONS: NIR-FI through super-selective hepatic arteriography and trans-arterial injection of ICG can provide a clear and lasting navigation aid for laparoscopic segmentectomy, which may have positive implication for early-stage HCC with poor preoperative liver reserves.

Bird eggs possess a mineralized eggshell with a soft underlying fibrous membrane. These dissimilar material layers successfully evolved a structural attachment to each other as a conserved avian reproduction strategy essential to avian embryonic development, growth, and hatching of the chick. To understand how organic membrane fibers attach to shell mineral (calcite), 3D multiscale imaging including X-ray and electron tomography coupled with deep learning-based feature segmentation was used to show how membrane fibers are organized and anchored into shell mineral. Whole fibers embed into mineral across the microscale, while fine mineral projections (granules/spikes) insert into fiber surfaces at the nanoscale, all of which provides considerable surface area and multiscale anchorage at the organic-inorganic interface between the fibrous membrane and the shell. Such a reciprocal anchorage system occurring at two different length scales between organic fibers and inorganic mineral provides a secure attachment mechanism for avian eggshell integrity across two dissimilar materials.

This case report presents a 5-year-old male child with a complaint of poor vision in the left eye for the past 2 years, who sought ophthalmic evaluation. There was no apparent systemic pigment loss, but multiple small, flat, and well-defined white lesions were observed in the retinal pigment epithelium of the left eye. Autofluorescence imaging of the fundus revealed widespread patchy hyperautofluorescence corresponding to the lesions. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated early and stable hyperfluorescence without leakage in these spots. Optical coherence tomography examination revealed thickening and material accumulation in the ellipsoid zone that corresponded to the lesions. Based on clinical findings, the diagnosis of congenital grouped albinotic spots was established.
患儿男性，5岁。因发现左眼视力不佳2年就诊于眼科，全身无明显色素脱失，左眼眼底出现多个小而扁平、境界清楚的白色视网膜色素上皮病变。眼底自发荧光成像表现出与病变相对应的广泛的斑片状高自发荧光，荧光素血管造影显示这些斑点有早期且稳定的高荧光表现，无渗漏，相干光层析成像术检查发现与病变相对应的椭圆体带的增厚，物质堆积。临床诊断为先天性分组白化病斑点。.

BACKGROUND: The partial cholecystectomy may be performed while in complicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Biliary anomalies especially the accessory bile duct are established high risk of bile duct injury (BDI) in LC. Laparoscopic resection of residual gallbladder is a challenging procedure and extremely vulnerable to BDI. We report the execution of a laparoscopic resection of residual gallbladder with a communicating accessory bile duct using indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence cholangiography and the intraoperative cholangiography (IOC). A case that has not been reported previously.
METHODS: A 29-year-old female with history of laparoscopic partial cholecystectomy was admitted in our hospital. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) revealed the residual gallbladder with an accessory bile duct. Considering the complexity of this patient, we performed a laparoscopic surgery using ICG fluorescence cholangiography. ICG was injected intravenously 1 h before the surgery, the residual gallbladder and the extrahepatic biliary structures including the accessory bile duct were imaged in green in fluorescence imaging that could be recognized clearly. IOC revealed that residual gallbladder communicated with intrahepatic bile duct through the accessory bile duct and drained into the common bile duct (CBD). The entire procedure was performed smoothly and successfully without bile duct injuries.
CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic resection of residual gallbladder is a challenging procedure. Fluorescence cholangiography using ICG is regarded as a novel technique that could provide a real-time imaging intraoperative, which allowed to recognize and identify the residual gallbladder and the extrahepatic bile duct. IOC is also important in identifying a communicating accessory bile duct. Under the guidance of them, we completed this laparoscopic surgery.
CONCLUSIONS: The combination of fluorescence cholangiography using ICG and IOC have profound significance in complicated LC.

Testicular torsion (TT) is a surgical emergency requiring early diagnosis and surgical intervention to avoid testicular loss. We report 3 pediatric TT cases with testicular salvage to visualize the blood flow by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging (ICG-FI) on the tunica albuginea of the testis. ICG-FI could not confirm blood flow in the testicular parenchyma; however, it could be detected in postoperative ultrasonography. Blood visualization of the tunica albuginea by ICG-FI may have potential criteria for testicular salvage. Long-term follow-up investigations after testicular salvage are needed to conclude the ICG-FI efficacy for TT.

BACKGROUND: Surgery remains the main primary treatment for non-advanced oesophageal cancer. Conventional thoracotomy and laparotomy can result in severe trauma, slow recovery, more complications, low quality of life, and reduced survival outcomes. Laparoscopic surgery has reduced the above-mentioned problems. However, some challenges remain associated with this approach, such as lymphadenectomy, anastomotic leakage, and inadequate surgical margins. Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging using indocyanine green (ICG) in combination with laparoscopic surgery, provides real-time navigation throughout the entire surgical procedure.
METHODS: A middle-aged male patient presented to our health centre with progressive dysphagia for > 2 months. Endoscopy and biopsy revealed oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma 34 cm from the incisors (tumour node metastasis classification (TNM) T3N1M0 IIIB). ICG imaging fluorescence laparoscopic surgery was successfully performed to complete the oesophagectomy and oesophageal and tubular stomach anastomosis by accurately locating the lesion, retaining adequate upper and lower margins, visually dissecting the lymph nodes, and testing the anastomotic blood supply. The postoperative TNM stage was T2N0M0 ⅡA. The patient recovered quickly without complications. Postoperative chemotherapy was administered. After three years of follow-up, the patient had no recurrence or complications.
CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescence laparoscopy provides an excellent surgical treatment modality for patients with oesophageal cancer.

Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital anomaly. Most surgeons have seldom performed laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for situs inversus totalis. Inadequate knowledge regarding the anatomy of situs inversus totalis can result in increased intraoperative bleeding and prolonged operative time. A 74-year-old man was diagnosed with early gastric cancer with situs inversus totalis. We performed laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with D1+ lymphadenectomy and Billroth-I reconstruction by reversing the standard laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy setup. Mirror images of the operative video of the standardized laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy were created using video editing software. Lymphadenectomy was performed by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging of the lymphatic flow with operative time of 220 minutes and 100 mL intraoperative bleeding. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 10, without postoperative complications. Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with indocyanine green navigation is safe and effective in patients with situs inversus totalis and is comparable with standard laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy.