UNASSIGNED: The importance of nutrition in optimizing the health and performance of professional soccer players has been well established. Despite published practical recommendations for the dietary requirements for professional soccer players, many players fail to meet these guidelines. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to assess the impact of targeted nutritional education and behavior change interventions on dietary intake in professional football players. Additionally, previous research within this population has reported elevations in resting metabolic rate (RMR) following match-play. Therefore, a further aim of this study was to examine whether any changes in dietary intake would influence RMR following match-play.
UNASSIGNED: Twenty players from the professional development phase in an English Premier League club (age: 18.4 ± 1.0 years; body mass: 76.1 ± 6.0 kg; stature: 1.80 ± 0.07 m) were randomly assigned to an \"Intervention\" (INT) group (n = 10), who received numerous nutritional education and behavior change interventions, or a \"Control\" (CON) group (n = 10), who received no nutrition support. Dietary intake was assessed daily throughout the match-week (Match Day (MD)-2, MD-1, MD, MD + 1, and MD + 2), whilst RMR was assessed on MD-1, MD + 1, and MD + 2. Statistical analyses on the intervention effects on dietary intake and RMR were carried out using a two factor (group and day) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a subsequent Bonferroni post-hoc test.
UNASSIGNED: Mean energy (3393 ± 852 vs. 2572 ± 577 kcal · day-1) and CHO (5.36 ± 1.9 vs. 3.47 ± 1.1 g · kg-1 BW · day-1) intake was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the INT vs. CON group. Furthermore, the INT group implemented nutrition periodization practices as CHO intake was significantly increased on MD-1 (7.0 ± 1.7 g · kg-1 BM · day-1), MD (7.1 ± 1.4 g · kg-1 BM · day-1) and MD + 1 (5.1 ± 0.8 g · kg-1 BM · day-1). However, the CON group did not periodize their CHO intake and failed to meet the CHO recommendations on MD-1, MD, and MD + 1 (<4 g · kg-1 BM · day-1). Compared to MD-1, the RMR increased on MD + 1 and MD + 2 in both groups, although it was only statistically significant for the INT group (MD + 1 =  +243 kcal · day-1; MD + 2 =  +179 kcal · day-1).
UNASSIGNED: The implementation of targeted nutritional education and behavior change interventions resulted in improved dietary practices in professional football players and enabled better adherence to recommended guidelines. However, despite this, RMR was still elevated in the 24-48 h following match play. Thus, in order to optimize recovery, this finding further reinforces the need for professional football players to adopt strategies to meet energy, and particularly CHO, requirements in the acute period following a match in order to account for this increase in energy requirement.

UNASSIGNED: Consumption of diets from sustainable sources is required for planetary health, however, large sections of the population, including females of reproductive age and children, will be at risk of not meeting their micronutrient (MN) requirements in a complete transition to plant-based foods. Constrained diet optimization methods use mathematical programming to construct diets that meet predefined parameters and may contribute towards modelling dietary solutions that meet nutritional and planetary targets.
UNASSIGNED: Review the evidence from diet optimization studies proposing solutions to ensure MN availability in the context of a transition to diets from sustainable sources.
UNASSIGNED: Narrative review focusing on literature published over the last five years.
UNASSIGNED: Dietary modelling using diet optimization can design a range of omnivorous and plant-based diets that meet individual MN requirements, have reduced environmental impacts, and minimize deviation from culturally acceptable dietary practices. Using data from large-scale dietary surveys, diet optimization can support development of food-based dietary guidelines; identify limiting MNs in a particular context or a conflict between constraints e.g. nutrition and environment; explore food-based strategies to increase nutrient supply, such as fortification; and support trial design. Methods used and outcomes reported are sources of variability. Individual-level dietary data and MN requirements for population sub-groups such as females of reproductive age and children are important requirements. Although maintaining iron and zinc intakes are regularly reported to present challenges in diets from sustainable sources, few studies have considered bioavailability, which reduces with increased dietary phytate. These and other data gaps including acceptability and affordability must be addressed to improve the applicability of modelling outcomes in population recommendations.
UNASSIGNED: Dietary modelling using diet optimization can be useful in the design of more sustainable diets that meet MN requirements, however, translation of outcomes into dietary intervention studies is required to test real-world application and adoption into dietary guidelines.
A widespread shift towards plant-based diets could increase the risk of inadequate intakes of micronutrients typically sourced in foods of animal origin, particularly among females of reproductive age and children.Modelling of dietary intake data collected among individuals using techniques such as diet optimization could be helpful in guiding recommendations and intervention strategies; translation into intervention studies is required.Representative data in different population groups and settings, with methods incorporated to address data gaps on bioavailability of micronutrients, food fortification, and affordability, will improve the applicability of modelling outcomes.

Critical care is the specialized treatment provided to patients in intensive care units who are severely ill and need extensive care and close monitoring. Hence the present study was undertaken. A total of hundred samples were collected exclusively on those who stayed a minimum of five days in Intensive Care Unit from two reputed Multispecialty Tertiary Hospitals from Kerala, India. APACHE II scoring system, Day World Wide\'s ICU Questionnaire and Glasgow Coma Scale were adopted to collect patient\'s data such as personal details, demographic data, medical history, bio-physical parameters, bio- chemical parameters, feeding techniques, time of feeding and nutritional requirements. Admission to Medical ICU were about 43% with respiratory failure, sepsis and other infections, 22% were admitted with neurological diseases and 35% were nephrology patient. It is evident that about 79% were suffering from anorexia. Comparing the administration of exclusive commercial feed to commercial plus kitchen feed, it was observed that patients fed with the latter experienced increased abdominal pain (21%) and vomiting (17%). Diarrhea was more common in patients fed with commercial formula (12%), while constipation was higher in patients fed with kitchen feed (19%). There is no conclusive evidence favoring either exclusive commercial feed or kitchen plus commercial feed. A small percentage (7%) of patients had a mortality rate exceeding 80%. Positive outcomes were observed in critically ill patients through the enteral feeding system, with no significant difference between exclusive commercial feed and kitchen plus commercial feed.

Athletes are characterized by special nutritional needs. Meeting their dietary needs associated with intensive exercise is a prerequisite for effective training and success in sports competitions. Hence, it is important to supply key performance nutrients, such as macronutrients, antioxidants, calcium, vitamin D, or iron, in adequate quantities. The increased need for these nutrients makes it necessary to look for food products on the market that more fully cover these needs. Such products may include organic foods. According to research, they have unique properties and are richer in selected nutrients, such as antioxidants. Hence, the aim of this review was to analyze the available literature as to whether organic foods have the potential to more fully cover the increased nutritional requirements of athletes for selected nutrients compared to conventionally produced foods. A narrative review of current literature was carried out. As the analysis showed, organic foods are characterized by a higher content of antioxidant bioactive compounds, a higher content of n-3 fatty acids, a better n:3/n:6 ratio, and a more optimal amino acid composition, which may result in an appropriate dietary ration design for athletes. In conclusion, organic food appears to be an interesting alternative to meet the special nutritional needs of professional and amateur athletes.

Nutrition is a limiting feature of species evolution. The differences in nutritional requirements are the evolutionary result of differential adaptations to environmental changes, explaining differences in their ecological traits. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Cnaphalocrocis exigua, two related species of rice leaffolders, have similar morphology and feeding properties but different migration and overwintering behaviors. However, it is unclear whether they have evolved adult nutritional differentiation traits to coexist. To explore this issue, this study examined the effects of carbohydrates and amino acids on their reproductive and demographic parameters. The findings indicate that carbohydrate intake prolonged the longevity and population growth of two rice leaffolders, but amino acid intake promoted egg hatching only. However, nutrient deficiency made it impossible for C. medinalis to reproduce successfully and survive, but it did not affect C. exigua. The population expansion and survival of migratory C. medinalis relied on adult nutritional intake. Conversely, the nutrients necessary for C. exigua overwintering activity mostly came from the storage of larvae. The difference in nutritional requirements for population growth and survival between the two rice leaffolders partially explained their differences in migration and overwintering.

Identifying the nutritional requirements and growth conditions of microorganisms is crucial for determining their applicability in industry and understanding their role in clinical ecology. Predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus have emerged as promising tools for combating infections by human bacterial pathogens due to their natural killing features. Bdellovibrio\'s lifecycle occurs inside prey cells, using the cytoplasm as a source of nutrients and energy. However, this lifecycle supposes a challenge when determining the specific uptake of metabolites from the prey to complete the growth inside cells, a process that has not been completely elucidated. Here, following a model-based approach, we illuminate the ability of B. bacteriovorus to replicate DNA, increase biomass, and generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in an amino acid-based rich media in the absence of prey, keeping intact its predatory capacity. In this culture, we determined the main carbon sources used and their preference, being glutamate, serine, aspartate, isoleucine, and threonine. This study offers new insights into the role of predatory bacteria in natural environments and establishes the basis for developing new Bdellovibrio applications using appropriate metabolic and physiological methodologies. KEY POINTS: • Amino acids support axenic lifestyle of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. • B. bacteriovorus preserves its predatory ability when growing in the absence of prey.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare disorder characterised by varying nutritional phases that occur throughout the lifespan, ranging from failure to thrive to hyperphagia. If uncontrolled, the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure results in obesity development and increased morbidity and mortality risk. Although measures of energy requirements for accurate nutrition assessment are vital, the evidence appears sparse and heterogeneous; hence, the aim of this review was to examine the available literature on energy expenditure predicted or measured using various methods in individuals with PWS. Studies were sought that presented methods and results on resting energy expenditure or basal metabolic rate. A narrative synthesis was completed to present the study characteristics and results. Methods of determining energy requirements included predictive equations and indirect calorimetry. Differences amongst ages, growth hormone therapy, fasting status, and measures in which results were presented were limitations to appropriately summarising and identifying trends in energy expenditure. Indirect calorimetry was identified as the most accurate method; however, it is not widely available in all settings. Further research is encouraged to support the development of valid and reliable predictive equations that will better inform and improve the efficiency of clinical practice in supporting people with PWS.

To reduce micronutrient deficiencies, Senegal mandates the fortification of refined oil with vitamin A and wheat flour with iron and folic acid. Expanding Senegal\'s large-scale food fortification programs to include fortified bouillon could help fill the remaining gaps in dietary micronutrient requirements. Using 7-day household food consumption data collected between 2018 and 2019, we assessed the potential contributions of bouillon fortified with vitamin A (40-250 μg/g bouillon), folic acid (20-120 μg/g), vitamin B12 (0.2-2 μg/g), iron (0.6-5 mg/g), and zinc (0.6-5 mg/g) for meeting micronutrient requirements of women of reproductive age (WRA; 15-49 years old) and children (6-59 months old). Most households (90%) reported consuming bouillon, including poor and rural households. At modeled fortification levels, bouillon fortification reduced the national prevalence of inadequacy by up to ∼20 percentage points (pp) for vitamin A, 34 pp (WRA) and 20 pp (children) for folate, 20 pp for vitamin B12, 38 pp (WRA) and 30 pp (children) for zinc, and ∼8 pp for iron. Predicted reductions in inadequacy were generally larger among poor and rural populations, especially for vitamins A and B12. Our modeling suggests that bouillon fortification has the potential to substantially reduce dietary inadequacy of multiple micronutrients and could also help address inequities in dietary micronutrient inadequacies in Senegal.

American football players consume large quantities of animal-sourced protein in adherence with traditional recommendations to maximize muscle development and athletic performance. This contrasts with dietary guidelines, which recommend reducing meat intake and increasing consumption of plant-based foods to promote health and reduce the risk of chronic disease. The capacity of completely plant-based diets to meet the nutritional needs of American football players has not been studied. This modeling study scaled dietary data from a large cohort following completely plant-based diets to meet the energy requirements of professional American football players to determine whether protein, leucine, and micronutrient needs for physical performance and health were met. The Cunningham equation was used to estimate calorie requirements. Nutrient intakes from the Adventist Health Study 2 were then scaled to this calorie level. Protein values ranged from 1.6-2.2 g/kg/day and leucine values ranged from 3.8-4.1 g/meal at each of four daily meals, therefore meeting and exceeding levels theorized to maximize muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle protein synthesis, respectively. Plant-based diets scaled to meet the energy needs of professional American football players satisfied protein, leucine, and micronutrient requirements for muscle development and athletic performance. These findings suggest that completely plant-based diets could bridge the gap between dietary recommendations for chronic disease prevention and athletic performance in American football players.

BACKGROUND: Limited benefit of pulmonary exercise rehabilitation has been associated with fulfilment of energy and protein requirements.
OBJECTIVE: The aim was to enhance dietary intake towards requirements and to maintain changes after a pulmonary rehabilitation program.
METHODS: This single arm intervention study included multidisciplinary focus on nutrition and three sessions of individual dietary counselling during a 10-week pulmonary exercise rehabilitation in five municipalities centers. Data were collected at baseline (P0), at the end of intervention (P1) and for two municipalities at three months post intervention (P2).
RESULTS: Of the 111 included participants, (mean age 70.8 (±9)) 99 (89%) completed the rehabilitation including the three individual dietary counselling\'s. A very large variation in body composition including body mass index and exercise abilities was found. Protein intake improved from 64 (±22 g) (P0) to 88 (±25 g) (P1) (p < 0.001) and energy intake from 1676 (±505 kcal) (P0) to 1941 (±553 kcal) (p < 0.001) (P1) and Muscle Mass Index increased from 10.6 (±3.2) (P0) to 10.9 (±3.2) (P1) (p = 0.007); number of 30 s chair stand test improved from 10.9 (±2.8) repetitions (P0) to 14.1 (±4.3) repetitions (P1) (p < 0.001), distance in six-minut walking test improved from 377.2 (±131.2 m) (P0) to 404.1 (±128.6 m) (P1) (p < 0.001). Two municipalities completed the three months follow-up. For those, dietary improvements remained stable, including protein intake.
CONCLUSIONS: Including three sessions of dietary counselling in a multi-professional effort was associated with improved individualized dietary intake, as well as physical function. Benefits remained almost unchanged after three months. Improvements in function could not be fully explained by improved intakes.