The transition of the Stomatology Clinic into the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery at the Medical Academy Carl Gustav Carus in Dresden shows how healthcare evolved in East Germany after the Second World War. Founded in 1954 to tackle medical staff shortages, the department grew and specialised over time, becoming a key hub for surgical dentistry in Saxony. Through structural changes, it became a semi-autonomous unit, emphasising patient care and research. By 1983, it evolved into a full Section of Stomatology, streamlining care and training, enhancing expertise and promoting collaboration. Overall, this transformation reflects a significant shift in dental healthcare and academic leadership, shaping surgical dentistry in the region.

We know of few studies in the international scientific literature that specifically address the evaluation of surgical and clinical progress among physicians undergoing specialist training in maxillofacial surgery. Identifying a reliable tool to accurately assess both theoretical knowledge and surgical skills of trainees is essential. The primary aim of this study therefore was to design a comprehensive assessment tool that is capable of evaluating both the theoretical and practical skills of physicians undergoing specialist training in maxillofacial surgery. The methodology employed aims to ensure fairness and effectiveness in skills development, thereby optimising training activities. To meet this need, an evaluation and self-assessment test was developed for maxillofacial surgery trainees at the Ospedali Riuniti of Ancona. Data collection involved digitally administered evaluations and self-assessment tests focused on maxillofacial traumatology, based on AO trauma surgery references. Data were processed into graphs which revealed a progressive learning trend following an initial adjustment phase, leading to optimal outcomes in both clinical and surgical domains. The evaluation and self-assessment test proved to be a valuable learning tool with which to gauge advancements in clinical and surgical skills among maxillofacial surgery residents.

Johann Alexander Vogelsang, a pioneering figure in maxillofacial surgery, played an important role in developing this field in East Germany, particularly in Dresden. Born in 1890, Vogelsang pursued dentistry against his family\'s wishes, studying at several German universities before his education was interrupted by the First World War. His experiences treating facial injuries during the war significantly influenced his professional focus. After the war, he worked in Dresden, advancing maxillofacial surgery and overcoming significant challenges posed by the rise of National Socialism. Despite political repression, he continued his work, later contributing to the war effort in the Second World War. Postwar, Vogelsang was instrumental in rebuilding Dresden\'s dental medical infrastructure and establishing educational programs. His legacy endures through the institutions he helped build and the advancements he made in the field. This article chronicles his life, highlighting his contributions to dental and maxillofacial surgery and his lasting impact on medical practice and education in Dresden.

The lip-splitting approach enables excellent access to all areas of the mouth and pharynx to remove tumors; however, traditional lower lip-splitting incisions produce an unsatisfactory scar. To achieve better functional and aesthetic results, we used a Z-shaped incision and compared the functional and aesthetic outcomes of the straight and Z-shaped incisions. Sixty patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into two groups and underwent lip-splitting between March 2021 and September 2023. Eventually, 77 patients were reviewed within 6 months and evaluated using the lip function assessment scale, patient and observer scar assessment scale, naïve observer scar assessment scale, and a clinical examination. The Z-shaped incision group performed better in terms of the lip pout movement at 3 months and in the subjective overall opinion, color, irregularity, and pigmentation at 6 months. The Z-shaped incision group had a lower incidence of notched vermilion. In conclusion, Z-shaped lower lip-splitting incisions have better functional and aesthetic outcomes than traditional straight incisions.Trial registration: Public title: Difference between the effect of Z-shaped and vertical incisions of labiobuccal flap on the recovery of lower lip scars. Registration date: 09/03/2021. Registration number: ChiCTR2100044084. Registry URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn .

UNASSIGNED: A precise and accurate method for structural superimposition is essential for analyzing dentofacial growth and orthodontic or surgical treatment in longitudinal studies. The errors associated with different superimposition methods have not yet been assessed in high-quality studies.
UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to assess the precision and accuracy of digital image correlation (DIC) for structural superimposition.
UNASSIGNED: Two cephalometric images from 30 consecutive patients were superimposed using three DIC methods, each measured twice by two examiners. Areas including the contours of the sella, the whole cranial base (CB), and Walker\'s point and lamina cribrosa (WPLC) were compared using a random coefficient model. Inter-rater and intra-rater errors were assessed for each method.
UNASSIGNED: WPLC provided the best precision for image rotation and cephalometric landmarks. Systematic bias was observed between the WPLC and CB methods for image rotation and most landmarks. The intra-rater error in image rotation during DIC was strongly correlated with the intra-rater error in the landmarks of the anterior nasal spine, articulare, and pogonion.
UNASSIGNED: Structural superimposition using DIC with WPLC is a precise method for analyzing dentofacial growth and orthodontic or surgical treatment. Moreover, the best method is the measurement of longitudinal dental and craniofacial changes on structurally superimposed cephalometric radiographs with WPLC and a reference grid including the true vertical and horizontal lines from Walker\'s point.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to introduce a novel predictive model for the post-operative facial contours of patients with mandibular defect, addressing limitations in current methodologies that fail to preserve geometric features and lack interpretability.
METHODS: Utilizing surface mesh theory and deep learning, our model diverges from traditional point cloud approaches by employing surface triangular mesh grids. We extract latent variables using a Mesh Convolutional Restricted Boltzmann Machines (MCRBM) model to generate a three-dimensional deformation field, aiming to enhance geometric information preservation and interpretability.
RESULTS: Experimental evaluations of our model demonstrate a prediction accuracy of 91.2 %, which represents a significant improvement over traditional machine learning-based methods.
CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model offers a promising new tool for pre-operative planning in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It significantly enhances the accuracy of post-operative facial contour predictions for mandibular defect reconstructions, providing substantial advancements over previous approaches.

Hashtags on Instagram help users globally search for posts to their liking. This study aimed to determine who posts the most popular oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) hashtags on Instagram and to evaluate the impact of educational content. The posts were analyzed for the type of post and differences between content creators when posting OMS-related content. This cross-sectional study evaluated OMS content categorized by 36 hashtags. The top 9 posts with each hashtag were evaluated based on the type of content creator, if it was a video or picture, and if it was educational or for marketing purposes. 6 million posts existed among 36 hashtags. Regarding the categories of person/organization posting the content (US or non-US oral and maxillofacial surgeon, residency program, patient, and \'other\'), the top posts (N = 295) were posted by \'other\' and the least by \'residency program\'. Among the posts by non-US oral and maxillofacial surgeons, there was 3.8-fold more marketing content, while among the posts by US oral and maxillofacial surgeons, there was 2-fold more educational content. Educational posts achieved the highest engagement in terms of \'likes\'. This study highlights how oral and maxillofacial surgeons can educate the general population and expand their reach.

Artificial intelligence (AI), deep learning (DL), and machine learning (ML) are computer, machine, and engineering systems that mimic human intelligence to devise procedures. These technologies also provide opportunities to advance diagnostics and planning in human medicine and dentistry. The purpose of this literature review was to ascertain the applicability and significance of AI and to highlight its uses in maxillofacial surgery. Our primary inclusion criterion was an original paper written in English focusing on the use of AI, DL, or ML in maxillofacial surgery. The sources were PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, and the queries were made on the 31 December 2023. The search strings used were \"artificial intelligence maxillofacial surgery\", \"machine learning maxillofacial surgery\", and \"deep learning maxillofacial surgery\". Following the removal of duplicates, the remaining search results were screened by three independent operators to minimize the risk of bias. A total of 324 publications from 1992 to 2023 were finally selected. These were calculated according to the year of publication with a continuous increase (excluding 2012 and 2013) and R2 = 0.9295. Generally, in orthognathic dentistry and maxillofacial surgery, AI and ML have gained popularity over the past few decades. When we included the keywords \"planning in maxillofacial surgery\" and \"planning in orthognathic surgery\", the number significantly increased to 7535 publications. The first publication appeared in 1965, with an increasing trend (excluding 2014-2018), with an R2 value of 0.8642. These technologies have been found to be useful in diagnosis and treatment planning in head and neck surgical oncology, cosmetic and aesthetic surgery, and oral pathology. In orthognathic surgery, they have been utilized for diagnosis, treatment planning, assessment of treatment needs, and cephalometric analyses, among other applications. This review confirms that the current use of AI and ML in maxillofacial surgery is focused mainly on evaluating digital diagnostic methods, especially radiology, treatment plans, and postoperative results. However, as these technologies become integrated into maxillofacial surgery and robotic surgery in the head and neck region, it is expected that they will be gradually utilized to plan and comprehensively evaluate the success of maxillofacial surgeries.

BACKGROUND: Plastic surgeons use loupes or operative microscope to aid in tissue dissection and anastomosis of structures. These devices have their own limitations in areas of visualization and weight. Current uses of augmented and virtual reality in surgery have been limited to operative planning and simulation. We present a proof of concept that harnesses video passthrough AR technology to augment the capabilities of loupes.
METHODS: We first evaluated methods of gaze-based eye tracking to enable digital magnification. Using the Varjo XR-1 mixed reality headset, we compared discrete zoom through displayed pop-up menu vs continuous zoom through eye winking. Six participants were recruited to perform skin suturing simulation and completed a survey and interview. Next we assessed the performance and limitations of AR digital magnification. Varjo XR-3 was utilized to address the hardware limitations. Participants performed anastomotic suturing tasks with progressively finer suture, then completed a survey and interview.
RESULTS: There was no strong preference between zoom methods, although participants felt the discrete zoom was easier to use. Participants had difficulty determining depth and visualizing the suture due to limitations of digital magnification. Using Wilcoxon rank sum test to examine differences in system usability scale, the Phase 2 user experience had significant difference in percentile distribution (P 0.0390).
CONCLUSIONS: Virtual loupes may be a valuable tool for plastic surgeons, with potential for variable magnification and advanced visualization. Improvements in the hardware yielded higher ratings of system usability and user experience. Further development is needed to address the limitations of existing devices.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative delirium (POD) in the oral and maxillofacial settings has gained more attention in recent decades. Due to advances in medical technology, treatment possibilities have expanded treatment for elderly and frail patients. This scoping review explores the correlation between POD and oral and maxillofacial surgery, summarizing screening and management protocols and identifying risk factors in this surgical field.
METHODS: This review follows the Scoping Review extension of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-ScR). A comprehensive literature search was performed using multiple databases, focusing on articles published from 2002 to 2023 that discuss delirium in oral and maxillofacial surgery settings. The review was registered beforehand in the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/r2ebc ).
RESULTS: From the initial 644 articles, 68 met the inclusion criteria. These studies highlighted the significant heterogeneity in POD diagnosis methods. The review identifies multiple risk factors across the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases that influence the occurrence of POD. Significant and independent risk factors in multiple regression analysis were highlighted, creating a clinical prediction list for the occurrence of POD.
CONCLUSIONS: It is crucial to preoperatively identify patients at risk for POD and actively modify these risks throughout the patient\'s hospital stay. Implementing nonpharmacological preventive measures for at-risk patients is recommended to decrease the incidence of POD. Future research should focus on creating standardized specialty-specific protocols incorporating validated assessment tools and addressing the full spectrum of risk factors associated with POD.