Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is indeed one of the most common types of oral cancer, typically affecting individuals over the age of 50. It primarily originates from the squamous epithelial cells lining the oral cavity. While it is relatively rare in individuals under 40 years old, it can still occur, albeit less frequently in that age group. Risk factors for developing OSCC include tobacco use (smoking or chewing), excessive alcohol consumption, chronic irritation (such as from poorly fitting dentures), human papillomavirus (HPV), infection, and certain dietary foods. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and reducing the mortality associated with this type of cancer. This report describes a case of OSCC, staged T2 N0 M0, involving the right buccal mucosa of a 51-year-old male patient. The patient reported intense pain in an ulcer on the right side of his cheek. This report focuses on the etiological factors and a brief literature review of squamous cell carcinoma.

Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by lacy reticular skin hyperpigmentation, bone marrow failure, nail dystrophy, and oral leukoplakia. To the best of our knowledge, only around 200 cases were reported in the medical literature, and in this report, we present another distinctive case from Syria. This case report describes a male patient with generalized reticular pigmentation and abnormal nails since childhood. The patient reported a history of recurrent urethral stenosis and corneal density. Dermoscopic examination revealed pigmented lines arranged in a netlike pattern. Histopathological findings were nonspecific. Hematological values were unremarkable. A contrast CT scan revealed changes in the bladder wall. The final diagnosis of Dyskeratosis Congenita was made based on the clinical criteria. This disorder can present with additional cutaneous manifestations and systemic complications. Treatment are generally prescribed to maintain bone marrow function, based on the fact that it is the major cause of death. Regular monitoring and screening for associated conditions are recommended.

BACKGROUND: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) are lesions associated with an increased risk of transformation (MT) into cancer.
OBJECTIVE: A study was made of the salivary levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA), ferritin (FRR) and total proteins (TP) in healthy individuals and in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), assessing the potential role of saliva as a diagnostic tool.
METHODS: A total of 91 subjects participated in the study, divided into two groups-59 patients with OPMD (oral leukoplakia or oral lichen planus) and 32 healthy controls-with measurements being made of salivary ADA, ferritin (FRR) and total proteins (TP).
RESULTS: There were no significant differences in salivary mean ADA between the OPMD group 0.85 ± 2.18 UI/I and the controls 0.71 ± 1.72 UI/I (p = 0.934), though the levels of both FRR mean OPMD, 12.66 ± 10.50 (µg/L), versus control, 7.19 ± 4.44 (p = 0.001), and TP, 23.41 ± 17, versus control, 14.15 ± 15.19, were significantly higher in the OPMD group (p = 0.001). Patients with oral lichen planus showed significant differences in terms of FRR (p = 0.009) and TP (p = 0.003). The ferritin in LPO with a cut-off point of 8.5C showed a sensitivity and specificity of 54.3% and 82.3, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.69 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.58-0.82; p = 0.003).
CONCLUSIONS: Ferritin and total proteins may constitute potential salivary biomarkers for oral lichen planus, though further studies are still needed in this field. In addition, saliva testing is a reliable and noninvasive diagnostic tool and appears to be a reliable strategy offering an interesting alternative for the screening of large populations.

Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus (OLP) into oral squamous cell carcinoma is considered as one of the most serious complications of OLP. For the early detection of oral cancer in OLP follow-up, accurate localization of the OLP center is still difficult but often required for confirmatory biopsy with histopathological examination. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) offers the potential for more reliable biopsy sampling in the oral cavity as it is capable of non-invasively imaging the degenerated oral layer structure. In this case-series study with 15 patients, features of clinically classified forms of OLP in OCT cross-sections were registered and correlated with available histologic sections. Besides patients with reticular, atrophic, erosive and plaque-like OLP, two patients with leukoplakia were included for differentiation. The results show that OCT yields information about the epithelial surface, thickness and reflectivity, as well as the identifiability of the basement membrane and the vessel network, which could be used to complement the visual clinical appearance of OLP variants and allow a more accurate localization of the OLP center. This forms the basis for further studies on OCT-assisted non-invasive clinical classification of OLP, with the aim of enabling decision support for biopsy sampling in the future.

Diffuse esophageal hyperkeratosis (DEH) is a very intriguing and impressive mucosal finding that is quite easily identified on endoscopy and histology. A distinction must be made between microscopic/focal hyperkeratosis and endoscopically visible DEH. Microscopic hyperkeratosis is not uncommon in histological studies, while diffuse hyperkeratosis is seen very rarely. Over the past century, only a handful of cases have been reported. The endoscopic appearance of hyperkeratosis is of thick, white, piled-up mucosa. On histology, there is a prominent thickening of the stratum corneum, the squamous cells are anuclear, and there is no hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium. These histological characteristics distinguish benign orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis from other premalignant entities such as parakeratosis or leukoplakia where hyperplastic squamous cells retain pyknotic nuclei, lack keratohyalin granules, and also lack complete keratinization in superficial epithelial cells. The clinical presentation of hyperkeratosis includes gastroesophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, and associated symptoms. Our case highlights a very rare endoscopic finding associated with a common clinical presentation. The nearly 10-year follow-up reinforces the benign nature of ortho-hyperkeratosis and our report underscores the features that distinguish DEH from premalignant conditions. It merits additional research into factors that lead to hyperkeratinization of the esophageal mucosa as opposed to the more common columnar metaplasia. The concomitant presence of Barrett\'s esophagus in some patients is even more intriguing. Animal models with variable pH and content of the refluxate may shed light on the role played by duodenogastric/non-acid reflux in this condition. Larger, prospective, multicenter studies may provide the answers.

Laryngeal leukoplakia is a common disorder in otolaryngology. Presently, the most widely accepted treatment is suspension laryngoscopic surgery under general anesthesia. The high recurrence rate and hoarse voice after surgery make it an intractable disease to treat. Here we report a case of a 67-year-old man who was diagnosed of laryngeal leukoplakia 15 years ago and underwent 5 surgeries because of its repeated recurrences. Two sessions of photodynamic therapy were performed with local application of 5-aminolevulinic acid and irradiation of 635 nm diode laser. Complete response was observed and no recurrence was detected during follow-up of 6 months. Photodynamic therapy with local 5-ALA application and 635 nm laser is safe and well-tolerated. It is a promising modality for laryngeal leukoplakia.

The application of a dermoscope in the study of mucosal pathologies is increasingly gaining importance. An easy, noninvasive characterization of pathological changes serves as an aid to dermatologists, sometimes even obliviating the need for histopathology. The aim of the present case series was to describe the mucoscopic features of histologically proven oral leukoplakia. Five consecutive cases of histologically proven oral leukoplakia were included for mucoscopy. Polarized mucoscopy shows white-to-pink structureless areas (100%), intervening pink lines (80%), and surface corrugations (60%). The periphery of the lesions showed white clods (100%) and dotted vessels with irregular arrangement (60%).

The aim of this report was to describe a rare case of leukoplakia in a young patient without any risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma. An 18-year-old male patient presented with an asymptomatic white lesion on the right lateral border of the tongue. Microscopic examination of the excisional biopsy specimen displayed hyperkeratosis and acanthosis without epithelial dysplasia, which were consistent with the clinical diagnosis of oral leukoplakia. The patient is undergoing systematic and regular evaluation, and after 28 months of follow-up, no recurrence has been observed. This report showed that, although uncommon, adolescents and/or young adults can also be affected by oral potentially malignant disorders. Therefore, dentists should be aware of this condition to establish the proper diagnosis and management.

The current National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus paper excluded \"white hyperkeratotic plaque\" from the diagnostic criteria for oral chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in order to ensure malignant transformation is not overlooked. Therefore, an isolated oral white plaque is recommended to be subjected to biopsy and pathologic examination. The cases described in this paper shed a new light on the clinical approach to oral white plaque post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The objectives of this article are to demonstrate that a white plaque does not contradict a diagnosis of oral cGVHD, and to highlight the clinical considerations for taking a biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: To review the authors experience in un-sedated office-based biopsies of patients with vocal fold leukoplakia and to review the literature.
METHODS: A retrospective review of 29 patients was conducted.
RESULTS: A total of 41 office-based procedures were performed (eight patients had bilateral vocal fold lesions and four patients had the procedure performed twice). In 26 out of the 41 biopsies, the pathology revealed benign lesion. In eight cases, the pathology showed dysplasia (four high-grade and four low-grade). Seven biopsies revealed squamous cell carcinoma. Five patients underwent suspension micro-laryngoscopy for definitive diagnosis. Four of whom had a change in their diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS: Un-sedated office-based biopsy of vocal fold leukoplakia is an alternative to suspension microlaryngoscopy in case of carcinoma or nonmalignant lesions.