BACKGROUND: The internet is a common source of health information for patients and caregivers. To date, content and information quality of YouTube videos on sarcoidosis has not been studied. The aim of our study was to investigate the content and quality of information on sarcoidosis provided by YouTube videos.
METHODS: Of the first 200 results under the search term \"sarcoidosis,\" all English-language videos with content directed at patients were included. Two independent investigators assessed the content of the videos based on 25 predefined key features (content score with 0-25 points), as well as reliability and quality (HONCode score with 0-8 points, DISCERN score with 1-5 points). Misinformation contained in the videos was described qualitatively.
RESULTS: The majority of the 85 included videos were from an academic or governmental source (n = 63, 74%), and median time since upload was 33 months (IQR 10-55). Median video duration was 8 min (IQR 3-13) and had a median of 2,044 views (IQR 504 - 13,203). Quality assessment suggested partially sufficient information: mean HONCode score was 4.4 (SD 0.9) with 91% of videos having a medium quality HONCode evaluation. Mean DISCERN score was 2.3 (SD 0.5). Video content was generally poor with a mean of 10.5 points (SD 0.6). Frequently absent key features included information on the course of disease (6%), presence of substantial geographical variation (7%), and importance of screening for extrapulmonary manifestations (11%). HONCode scores were higher in videos from academic or governmental sources (p = 0.003), particularly regarding \"transparency of sponsorship\" (p < 0.001). DISCERN and content scores did not differ by video category.
CONCLUSIONS: Most YouTube videos present incomplete information reflected in a poor content score, especially regarding screening for extrapulmonary manifestations. Quality was partially sufficient with higher scores in videos from academic or governmental sources, but often missing references and citing specific evidence. Improving patient access to trustworthy and up to date information is needed.

Hidden information is the key to many security issues. If there is a reliable method to determine whether someone withholds information, many issues of this type can be resolved. However, until now, no method has proven to be reliable, but technical discoveries in the field of neuroimaging have caused a surge of new research in this area. Many neuroimaging techniques can be used, but functional magnetic resonance is the newest method, and its use in extracting and evaluating information from subjects could be the most significant, given that it records brain states in parallel with current mental activity/behavior, enabling the establishment of correlational links between them. Because the brain state displayed during fMRI imaging is the dependent variable measured during stimulus/task condition manipulation, it is necessary to use fMRI data in combination with complementary criminal interrogation techniques to gather information. This could be particularly important when standard interrogational techniques are not enough in order to preserve the common good, especially in \"ticking bomb\" situations. In this study, we review aspects of the possibility of utilizing advanced neuroimaging in combination with criminal interrogation in cases of serious criminal acts that threaten public safety.

With increasing age, it becomes more difficult for unemployed workers to find a new job. Due to age-related negative stereotypes, employers typically prefer younger applicants. This study analyzes a marketing campaign of a local employment agency in Germany that drew attention to the problem of negative age-related stereotypes and highlighted the high value of older workers. The goal of the campaign was to increase the hiring rate of older unemployed. Using comprehensive register data and applying a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the information conveyed through the campaign (via banners, interviews, job fairs, and informational brochures) did indeed change firms\' hiring behavior. The intervention increased the employment rate of workers aged 50 to 59 with unemployment experience by approximately 3 percentage points. The positive employment effects of the campaign appear to be somewhat more pronounced for women than for men. We conclude that an information campaign to overcome age-related negative stereotypes might be an appropriate measure to highlight the value of older workers and increase their employment chances. In the context of the demographic change, therefore, an information campaign might help to fight against a shrinking workforce and an impending shortage of skilled labor.

BACKGROUND: Social networks have become a widely used and accessible source of health-related information for patients, but this material is not always accurate or appropriate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of orthodontic information available on 2 of the most popular social media platforms.
METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic search of the literature that analyzed the quality of information regarding orthodontics on social networks and used recognized quality-evaluation methods, such as DISCERN, modified DISCERN, and the Quality Global Scale or the Video Information Quality Index, in the electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus and through a manual search of gray literature.
RESULTS: The authors identified a total of 534 potentially eligible articles, of which 22 eventually were included in the qualitative analysis. The application of the scales revealed that most of the content was of insufficient quality and lacked scientific rigor, precision, and support from reliable sources. The authors observed marked heterogeneity in the nature of the publications analyzed, with the most recurrent topics being general orthodontic treatment and the use of clear aligners.
CONCLUSIONS: Social media platforms provide low-quality information to patients, which potentially can be harmful. These findings underscore the need to offer alternative ways to resolve patient queries before and during treatment and highlight the importance of promoting informed and responsible education regarding online information on orthodontic treatments.

Living systems (LSs) must solve the problem of adapting to their environment by identifying external states and acting appropriately to maintain external relationships and internal order for survival and reproduction. This challenge is akin to the philosophical enigma of how the self can escape solipsism. In this study, a comprehensive model is developed to address the adaptation problem. LSs are composed of material entities capable of detecting their external states. This detection is conceptualized as \"cognition\", a state change in relation to its external states. This study extends the concept of cognition to include three hierarchical levels of the world: physical, chemical, and semiotic cognitions, with semiotic cognition being closest to the conventional meaning of cognition. This radical extension of the cognition concept to all levels of the world provides a monistic model named the cognizers system model, in which mind and matter are unified as a single entity, the \"cognizer\". During evolution, LSs invented semiotic cognition based on physical and chemical cognitions to manage the probability distribution of events that occur to them. This study proposes a theoretical model in which semiotic cognition is an adaptive process wherein the inverse causality operation produces particular internal states as symbols that signify hidden external states. This operation makes LSs aware of the external world.

To efficiently yet reliably represent and process information, our brains need to produce information-rich signals that differentiate between moments or cognitive states, while also being robust to noise or corruption. For many, though not all, natural systems, these two properties are often inversely related: More information-rich signals are less robust, and vice versa. Here, we examined how these properties change with ongoing cognitive demands. To this end, we applied dimensionality reduction algorithms and pattern classifiers to functional neuroimaging data collected as participants listened to a story, temporally scrambled versions of the story, or underwent a resting state scanning session. We considered two primary aspects of the neural data recorded in these different experimental conditions. First, we treated the maximum achievable decoding accuracy across participants as an indicator of the \"informativeness\" of the recorded patterns. Second, we treated the number of features (components) required to achieve a threshold decoding accuracy as a proxy for the \"compressibility\" of the neural patterns (where fewer components indicate greater compression). Overall, we found that the peak decoding accuracy (achievable without restricting the numbers of features) was highest in the intact (unscrambled) story listening condition. However, the number of features required to achieve comparable classification accuracy was also lowest in the intact story listening condition. Taken together, our work suggests that our brain networks flexibly reconfigure according to ongoing task demands and that the activity patterns associated with higher-order cognition and high engagement are both more informative and more compressible than the activity patterns associated with lower-order tasks and lower engagement.

UNASSIGNED: Annually, approximately 31,000 people experience a termination of pregnancy (TOP) in the Netherlands. In 2021, about one-third of them chose medical termination of pregnancy (MTOP). We explored experiences with MTOP and to what extent expectations, pain, and counselling in the clinic are associated with satisfaction with MTOP.
UNASSIGNED: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire. We included 138 respondents, ≥16 years, who chose MTOP (September 2020-March 2022).
UNASSIGNED: The majority of respondents experienced MTOP more positively than expected or as expected (67%). For 24%, the experience was more negative than expected. In the event of another TOP, half of these respondents would hesitate to choose or would not choose MTOP, mainly due to physical side effects. The majority of respondents (73%) would choose MTOP again. Their main motivation was self-determination during treatment. Respondents cited four key elements: pain, intensity of experience during and after treatment, blood loss, and duration. Correspondence between MTOP expectations and experiences was associated with satisfaction with MTOP, while pain and satisfaction with counselling were not.
UNASSIGNED: The majority of respondents were satisfied with MTOP and would choose the treatment again. Non-correspondence between expectations and experiences negatively affected satisfaction with MTOP. This highlights the importance of managing expectations by providing accessible information about the variety in expectations and experiences to patients with a focus on key elements of the experience.
The majority experienced the abortion pill more positively than expected or as expected. Four experience elements are key: pain, intensity during and after treatment, blood loss, duration. Information about these elements is crucial since non-correspondence of expectation and experience negatively affects satisfaction.

In the era of big data, young patients may be overwhelmed by artificial intelligence-based tools, like chatbots. Five clinical experts were asked to evaluate the performance of the most currently used chatbots in providing information on a rare cancer affecting young people, like rhabdomyosarcoma. Generally speaking, despite their high performance in giving general information about the disease, these chatbots were considered by the experts to be inadequate in providing suggestions on cancer treatments and specialized centers, and also lacking in \"sensitivity.\" Efforts are planned by the pediatric oncology community to improve the quality of data used to train these tools.

A resurgence of panpsychism and dualism is a matter of ongoing debate in modern neuroscience. Although metaphysically hostile, panpsychism and dualism both persist in the science of consciousness because the former is proposed as a straightforward answer to the problem of integrating consciousness into the fabric of physical reality, whereas the latter proposes a simple solution to the problem of free will by endowing consciousness with causal power as a prerequisite for moral responsibility. I take the Integrated Information Theory (IIT) as a paradigmatic exemplar of a theory of consciousness (ToC) that makes its commitments to panpsychism and dualism within a unified framework. These features are not, however, unique for IIT. Many ToCs are implicitly prone to some degree of panpsychism whenever they strive to propose a universal definition of consciousness, associated with one or another known phenomenon. Yet, those ToCs that can be characterized as strongly emergent are at risk of being dualist. A remedy against both covert dualism and uncomfortable corollaries of panpsychism can be found in the evolutionary theory of life, called here \"bioprotopsychism\" and generalized in terms of autopoiesis and the free energy principle. Bioprotopsychism provides a biologically inspired basis for a minimalist approach to consciousness via the triad \"chemotaxis-efference copy mechanism-counterfactual active inference\" by associating the stream of weakly emergent conscious states with an amount of information (best guesses) of the brain, engaged in unconscious predictive processing.

UNASSIGNED: When providing health information in a diverse society and during health crises, it is crucial that nurses can adapt their communication to immigrants, as this may have an impact on their health outcomes. This study seeks to identify how nurses experienced and assessed their communication and information work with immigrants during COVID-19 and to discuss measures to improve practice.
UNASSIGNED: The study has an interpretive and explorative qualitative design, analyzing 10 semi-structured interviews with nurses from the municipal health service in Norway.
UNASSIGNED: Three themes were created as follows: multilingual infection control teams and cooperation with volunteers, challenges when providing COVID-19 information, and the nurses\' suggestions for improvements in the event of a new pandemic or other health crisis.
UNASSIGNED: Nurses\' cultural competence and their knowledge of immigrants\' health literacy can help them understand how immigrants think and behave during illness. It is important that nurses use discretion during health crises.