OBJECTIVE: High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) are an established cause of oropharyngeal cancer. Their relationship with oral cancer remains unclear with detection ranging from 0% to 100%. HPV DNA detection or evidence of exposure alone is insufficient to conclude causality. This systematic review assesses the extent of bias in studies of HPV detection in cancers of the oral cavity.
METHODS: PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycInfo databases were searched for observational studies reporting the effect of HPV in oral cavity specific cancers.
RESULTS: All 15 included studies presented HPV DNA detection or serum HPV-antibodies, none included mRNA E6/E7 analysis. Cases with oral cancer had 5.36 times (95% CI 3.29-8.72) higher odds of having HPV detected compared to controls. The odds of HPV detection were higher in cell-based (OR 6.93; 95% CI 0.82-58.55) and tissue samples (OR 5.28; 95% CI 3.41-8.18) than blood-based samples (OR 3.36; 95% CI 1.53-7.40).
CONCLUSIONS: When cancer site is clearly differentiated between oropharynx and oral cavity, 12 studies showed strong association between HPV and oral cancer, but the available estimates lack internal validity due to inconsistent measurements, high confounding, and lack of gold standard testing. There is not high-quality evidence to conclude a causal relationship of HPV with oral cancer.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review to assess the scope and effectiveness of interventions to improve human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination in Africa from 2006 to 2021.
METHODS: Systematic review.
METHODS: Four databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO) were searched for articles published between 2006 and 2021. Articles were screened and included based on eligibility criteria using DistillerSR (Version 2.35). Data were extracted and reported using a narrative synthesis. A quality assessment was also conducted for each study using validated quality appraisal tools.
RESULTS: Out of 7603 articles identified by a systematic search, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria. Included studies comprised impact evaluation and cross-sectional studies published between 2012 and 2021 and conducted in eight African countries namely: Nigeria, Cameroon, South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Mali, and Malawi. Study quality ranged from high to low quality. Interventions comprised fifteen educational and three multicomponent interventions. Out of thirteen impact evaluation studies (all educational interventions), twelve studies were effective in increasing HPV vaccine uptake and/or improving participants\' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions about the vaccine. Across five cross-sectional studies (two educational and three multicomponent interventions), HPV vaccine uptake rates ranged from 34% to 93.3%, with a consensus on safety and effectiveness in 67.9%-90.3% of participants post-intervention.
CONCLUSIONS: Educational and multicomponent interventions have been implemented to improve HPV vaccination in Africa. While educational interventions have proven effective at improving HPV vaccine uptake, a more diverse range of interventions with robust impact evaluation study designs are needed to strengthen the available evidence and improve vaccine uptake.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of urine-sample HPV (human papillomavirus) testing on the effectiveness of screening for cervical cancer.
METHODS: The analysis was based on the results of a systematic review. Secondary studies were searched in the following medical databases: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. The results of the statistical tests presented in the article originate from research conducted by the authors of the included articles.
RESULTS: From a total of 1869 citations, 5 studies were included in this review. Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of any HPV from first-void urine samples were 87% [95% CI: (0.74; 0.94)] and 89% [95% CI: (0.81; 0.93)], respectively. Moreover, participants in the analyzed studies had indicated that they felt comfortable with urine testing.
CONCLUSIONS: The development of methods to detect HPV infection in first-void urine samples and the application of this sampling method in widely available screening tests could significantly increase patients\' willingness to participate in testing.

There is limited literature on current human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in the Asia-Pacific region. This integrative literature review was conducted to describe HPV vaccination programs in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Program descriptions, recommendations, f unding, and coverage data were extracted. Twenty-five citations were included. As of 2022, eight of the 10 areas of interest include HPV in their national immunization program (NIP) for school-aged girls; full implementation in Indonesia is expected in 2023 whereas Vietnam\'s NIP does not include HPV. Singapore also includes HPV vaccination for women (18-26 years). None of the HPV vaccination programs include males. In most areas (n = 7), programs include only one vaccine option. While female HPV NIPs are present in the Asia-Pacific region, opportunities remain to strengthen NIPs in broader populations (e.g., males, catch-up cohorts) to expand public health impact and provide gender equity in HPV vaccination.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide and is caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV viral load, the amount of HPV DNA in a sample, has been suggested to correlate with cervical disease severity, and with clinical outcome of cervical cancer. In this systematic review, we searched three databases (EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science) to examine the current evidence on the association between HPV viral load in cervical samples and disease severity, as well as clinical outcome. After exclusion of articles not on HPV, cervical cancer, or containing clinical outcomes, 85 original studies involving 173 746 women were included. The vast majority (73/85 = 85.9%) reported that a higher viral load was correlated with higher disease severity or worse clinical outcome. Several studies reported either no correlation (3/85 = 3.5%), or the opposite correlation (9/85 = 10.6%); possible reasons being different categorization of HPV viral load levels, or the use of specific sampling methods. Despite variations in study design and populations, the above findings suggest that HPV viral load is correlated to clinical outcome, and may become an important biomarker for treatment selection and response monitoring for cervical cancer.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important risk factor for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). HPV-positive (HPV+) cases are associated with a different pathophysiology, microstructure, and prognosis compared to HPV-negative (HPV-) cases. This review aimed to investigate the potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to discriminate between HPV+ and HPV- tumours and predict HPV status in OPSCC patients. A systematic literature search was performed on 15 December 2022 on EMBASE, MEDLINE ALL, Web of Science, and Cochrane according to PRISMA guidelines. Twenty-eight studies (n = 2634 patients) were included. Five, nineteen, and seven studies investigated structural MRI (e.g., T1, T2-weighted), diffusion-weighted MRI, and other sequences, respectively. Three out of four studies found that HPV+ tumours were significantly smaller in size, and their lymph node metastases were more cystic in structure than HPV- ones. Eleven out of thirteen studies found that the mean apparent diffusion coefficient was significantly higher in HPV- than HPV+ primary tumours. Other sequences need further investigation. Fourteen studies used MRI to predict HPV status using clinical, radiological, and radiomics features. The reported areas under the curve (AUC) values ranged between 0.697 and 0.944. MRI can potentially be used to find differences between HPV+ and HPV- OPSCC patients and predict HPV status with reasonable accuracy. Larger studies with external model validation using independent datasets are needed before clinical implementation.

UNASSIGNED: This study systematically reviewed the published literature from clinical trials on the efficacy and immunogenicity of single-dose HPV vaccination compared to multidose schedules or no HPV vaccination.
UNASSIGNED: Four databases were searched for relevant articles published from Jan-1999 to Feb-2023. Articles were assessed for eligibility for inclusion using pre-defined criteria. Relevant data were extracted from eligible articles and a descriptive quality assessment was performed for each study. A narrative data synthesis was conducted, examining HPV infection, other clinical outcomes and immunogenicity responses by dose schedule.
UNASSIGNED: Fifteen articles reporting data from six studies (all in healthy young females) were included. One article was included from each of three studies that prospectively randomised participants to receive a single HPV vaccine dose versus one or more comparator schedule(s). The other 12 articles reported data from three studies that randomised participants to receive multidose HPV vaccine (or control vaccine) schedules; in those studies, some participants failed to complete their allocated schedule, and evaluations were conducted to compare participants who actually received one, two or three doses. Across all efficacy studies, the incidence or prevalence of HPV16/18 infection was very low among HPV-vaccinated participants, regardless of the number of doses received; with no evidence for a difference between dose groups. In immunogenicity studies, HPV16/18 antibody seropositivity rates were high among all HPV-vaccinated participants. Antibody levels were significantly lower with one dose compared to two or three doses, but levels with one dose were stable and sustained to 11 years post-vaccination.
UNASSIGNED: Results from this review support recent World Health Organization recommendations allowing either one- or two-dose HPV vaccination in healthy young females. Longer-term efficacy and immunogenicity data from ongoing studies are awaited. Randomised trials of single-dose HPV-vaccination are urgently needed in other populations, e.g. boys, older females and people with HIV.

Squamous papilloma is a benign neoplasm that originates from the stratified squamous epithelium of the mucous membrane. Its principal etiological factor is human papillomavirus infection, with a predilection for manifesting within the oral cavity. Squamous papilloma predominantly affects regions on the palate, cheeks, lips and tongue. However, to the best of our knowledge, the occurrence of squamous papilloma within the confines of the mandible remains unreported hitherto. The present report documents a case of squamous papilloma involving the mandible who was managed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China) in January 2023. The patient underwent a series of recurrent jaw inflammations, manifesting with malignant imaging characteristics. Subsequent pathological analysis confirmed a diagnosis of papilloma in the jaw. The present report highlights the pivotal role of prolonged inflammation in the genesis of jaw squamous papilloma, prompting avenues for further investigation, including the potential of inflammation to induce aberrant cell growth, mediate cell interactions, orchestrate cytokine actions and influence stress mediators. In addition, the current study posits a plausible connection between persistent inflammation, compromised epithelial integrity and an increased likelihood of head and neck papilloma, particularly concerning human papillomavirus infection. This article delineates the clinical attributes of the uncommon manifestations of jaw papilloma and delves into the associated mechanisms, thereby contributing to an enhanced comprehension of jaw disorders. This comprehensive insight equips clinicians with a heightened knowledge base for more precise diagnosis and treatment of analogous cases.

BACKGROUND: Carrageenan-containing gels researched for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have shown promising results for human papillomavirus prevention in women, but not in men. We conducted a narrative review to assess the safety of these gels for genital use.
METHODS: We searched PubMed using MeSH terms and keywords on 5 November 2023. Title/abstract of articles were screened to identify relevant ones. Full-text screening determined eligibility: empirical study evaluating safety of carrageenan-containing gel(s) for genital use.
RESULTS: Of the 125 identified records, 15 were eligible, comprising 14 (10 randomised controlled trials and 4 cohorts) unique study populations. Studies included women only (n=11), men only (n=1) or both (n=3); number of participants ranged from 4 to 6202. Safety was assessed for vaginal (n=13), penile (n=3) and anal use (n=2). Most studies assessed safety of Carraguard (53%), followed by Divine9 (14%), and one each of iota-carrageenan gel, lambda-carrageenan gel, Carvir, PC-6500 (griffithsin and carrageenan) and PC-1005 (MIV-150/zinc acetate/carrageenan). Safety assessment relied on self-report (80.0%), testing for STIs (53.3%), investigator-identified genital findings (93.3%) and/or testing for changes in genital flora (60.0%). Adverse events (AEs) were described by investigators as mostly mild, (mostly) comparable between groups, not observed and/or not significant for vaginal and penile use. Only one study, assessing anal use of carrageenan, reported a significantly higher proportion of AEs in the carrageenan compared with placebo group.
CONCLUSIONS: Carrageenan-based gels are generally well tolerated for vaginal and penile, but not anal use. Studies on carrageenan gel\'s safety for anal use are scarce.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a circular, double-stranded DNA virus and recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infectious agent worldwide. The HPV life cycle encompasses three primary stages. First, the virus infiltrates the basal cells of the stratified epidermis. Second, there is a low-level expression of viral genes and preservation of the viral genome in the basal layer. Lastly, productive replication of HPV occurs in differentiated cells. An effective immune response, involving various immune cells, including innate immunity, keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer T cells, is instrumental in clearing HPV infection and thwarting the development of HPV-associated tumors. Vaccines have demonstrated their efficacy in preventing genital warts, high-grade precancerous lesions, and cancers in females. In males, the vaccines can also aid in preventing genital warts, anal precancerous lesions, and cancer. This comprehensive review aims to provide a thorough and detailed exploration of HPV infections, delving into its genetic characteristics, life cycle, pathogenesis, and the role of high-risk and low-risk HPV strains. In addition, this review seeks to elucidate the intricate immune interactions that govern HPV infections, spanning from innate immunity to adaptive immune responses, as well as examining the evasion mechanisms used by the virus. Furthermore, the article discusses the current landscape of HPV vaccines and common treatments, contributing to a holistic understanding of HPV and its associated diseases.