With the aid of a new fracture risk model, the great treatment gap for osteoporosis should be closed. All patients older than 70 years should undergo a diagnostic procedure for osteoporosis. An additional risk threshold (≥ 10% per 3 years for femoral and vertebral fractures) should enable patients with a high risk of fracture to be treated with osteoanabolic agents. The use of osteoanabolic agents makes it necessary to administer antiresorptive drugs afterwards. Due to the low event rate of osteonecrosis of the jaw, the initiation of a specific osteoporosis treatment should not be delayed by prophylactic dental treatment. The adherence to the drug treatment should be improved by an individualized approach on the basis of a cooperation between patients, caregivers, and physicians. A regular assessment of falls, including the timed up and go test should be carried out in patients older than 70 years.
UNASSIGNED: Mithilfe eines neuen Frakturrisikomodells soll der großen Behandlungslücke der Osteoporose entgegengewirkt werden. Patientinnen und Patienten ab dem 70. Lebensjahr sollten eine Osteoporosediagnostik erhalten. Eine zusätzliche Risikoschwelle soll ermöglichen, dass Patienten bei sehr hohem Frakturrisiko (≥ 10 % pro 3 Jahre für Femur- und Wirbelkörperfrakturen) mit osteoanabolen Präparaten behandelt werden. Der Einsatz von osteoanabolen Präparaten erfordert im Therapieverlauf eine antiresorptive Anschlusstherapie. Der Beginn einer spezifischen Osteoporosetherapie soll wegen der niedrigen Ereignisrate von Kiefernekrosen durch eine zahnärztliche Prophylaxe nicht hinausgezögert werden. Zur Verbesserung der Therapieadhärenz sollen individuelle Lösungen auf der Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Patient, Angehörigen und Ärztinnen und Ärzten gesucht werden. Eine regelmäßige Sturzanamnese unter Einschluss des Timed-up-and-go-Tests sollte ab einem Alter von 70 Jahren durchgeführt werden.

BACKGROUND: Although synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used to treat autoimmune and other diseases, GC induced osteoporosis (GIOP) which accounts for 25% of the adverse reactions, causes fractures in 30-50% of patients, and markedly decreases their quality of life. In 2014, the Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research (JSBMR) published the revised guidelines for the management and treatment of steroid-induced osteoporosis, providing the treatment criteria based on scores of risk factors, including previous fractures, age, GC doses, and bone mineral density, for patients aged ≥18 years who are receiving GC therapy or scheduled to receive GC therapy for ≥3 months.
METHODS: The Committee on the revision of the guidelines for the management and treatment of GIOP of the JSBMR prepared 17 clinical questions (CQs) according to the GRADE approach and revised the guidelines for the management and treatment of GIOP through systematic reviews and consensus conferences using the Delphi method.
RESULTS: Bisphosphonates (oral and injectable formulations), anti-RANKL antibody teriparatide, eldecalcitol, or selective estrogen receptor modulators are recommended for patients who has received or scheduled for GC therapy with risk factor scores of ≥3. It is recommended that osteoporosis medication is started concomitantly with the GC therapy for the prevention of fragility fractures in elderly patients.
CONCLUSIONS: The 2023 guidelines for the management and treatment of GIOP was developed through systematic reviews and consensus conferences using the Delphi method.

In vitro and in vivo studies are critical for the preclinical efficacy assessment of novel therapies targeting musculoskeletal infections (MSKI). Many preclinical models have been developed and applied as a prelude to evaluating safety and efficacy in human clinical trials. In performing these studies, there is both a requirement for a robust assessment of efficacy, as well as a parallel responsibility to consider the burden on experimental animals used in such studies. Since MSKI is a broad term encompassing infections varying in pathogen, anatomical location, and implants used, there are also a wide range of animal models described modeling these disparate infections. Although some of these variations are required to adequately evaluate specific interventions, there would be enormous value in creating a unified and standardized criteria to animal testing in the treatment of MSKI. The Treatment Workgroup of the 2023 International Consensus Meeting on Musculoskeletal Infection was responsible for questions related to preclinical models for treatment of MSKI. The main objective was to review the literature related to priority questions and estimate consensus opinion after voting. This document presents that process and results for preclinical models related to (1) animal model considerations, (2) outcome measurements, and (3) imaging.

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have a higher prevalence of osteoporosis, falls and fractures. Guidelines for MS populations targeting the management of osteoporosis, fracture and falls risk may help reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disease in this population. We aimed to systematically review current guidelines regarding osteoporosis prevention, screening, diagnosis and management in people with MS. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review of scientific databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase and Scopus) was performed (n = 208). In addition, websites from MS organisations and societies were screened for clinical guidelines (n = 28). Following duplicate removal, screening and exclusions (n = 230), in total six guidelines were included in this review. Three of the identified guidelines were specific to managing osteoporosis in MS, while two linked vitamin D to bone health and one was focused on the effect of acute glucocorticoid use for MS exacerbations on bone health. All guidelines were found to contain inadequate recommendations for osteoporosis screening, management and treatment in people with MS given the evidence of higher prevalence of osteoporosis at an earlier age and compounding risk factors in this population. Early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in people with MS is necessary as fractures lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Development of structured clinical guidelines directed at specific healthcare services will ensure screening, appropriate management, and care of bone health in people with MS.

With the aid of a new fracture risk model, the great treatment gap for osteoporosis should be closed. All patients older than 70 years should undergo a diagnostic procedure for osteoporosis. An additional risk threshold (≥ 10% per 3 years for femoral and vertebral fractures) should enable patients with a high risk of fracture to be treated with osteoanabolic agents. The use of osteoanabolic agents makes it necessary to administer antiresorptive drugs afterwards. Due to the low event rate of osteonecrosis of the jaw, the initiation of a specific osteoporosis treatment should not be delayed by prophylactic dental treatment. The adherence to the drug treatment should be improved by an individualized approach on the basis of a cooperation between patients, caregivers, and physicians. A regular assessment of falls, including the timed up and go test should be carried out in patients older than 70 years.
UNASSIGNED: Mithilfe eines neuen Frakturrisikomodells soll der großen Behandlungslücke der Osteoporose entgegengewirkt werden. Patientinnen und Patienten ab dem 70. Lebensjahr sollten eine Osteoporosediagnostik erhalten. Eine zusätzliche Risikoschwelle soll ermöglichen, dass Patienten bei sehr hohem Frakturrisiko (≥ 10 % pro 3 Jahre für Femur- und Wirbelkörperfrakturen) mit osteoanabolen Präparaten behandelt werden. Der Einsatz von osteoanabolen Präparaten erfordert im Therapieverlauf eine antiresorptive Anschlusstherapie. Der Beginn einer spezifischen Osteoporosetherapie soll wegen der niedrigen Ereignisrate von Kiefernekrosen durch eine zahnärztliche Prophylaxe nicht hinausgezögert werden. Zur Verbesserung der Therapieadhärenz sollen individuelle Lösungen auf der Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Patient, Angehörigen und Ärztinnen und Ärzten gesucht werden. Eine regelmäßige Sturzanamnese unter Einschluss des Timed-up-and-go-Tests sollte ab einem Alter von 70 Jahren durchgeführt werden.

Introduction Supracondylar fractures are the predominant type of pediatric elbow fractures. The usual mechanism of injury is falling over the hand with the elbow extended and the hand open. The management of these fractures encompasses a range of treatment options, and their goal is to recover the anatomy and achieve a stable contact area between them. There are some controversies on the management of these injuries mainly focused on those that present some degree of displacement. A review and analysis of the current treatment at our institution and a comparison with the guidelines suggested by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) for the treatment of these fractures in the pediatric population were performed. Materials and methods This was an observational, analytical, retrospective study of consecutive pediatric patients with displaced supracondylar humeral fracture treated at Hospital de Trauma \"Manuel Giagni\" in Asunción, Paraguay, from January 2016 to December 2021. Demographic and clinical data were assessed, and patients were clinically and radiologically followed for at least 12 months. The management of supracondylar humeral fractures at our hospital was compared with the guidelines suggested by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) by analyzing whether these guidelines were applied in each case. The mechanism of injury was divided into three groups, initial X-rays were measured, extension-type fractures were categorized into three groups, and the type of treatment was divided into two groups: non-operative and operative. Furthermore, trauma-related preoperative complications and postoperative complications were reported. Outpatient follow-up was performed for at least 12 months in all cases. Results Of the 843 patients analyzed, 71.5% were male, with a mean age of 5.6 years. It was observed that 57.5% of injuries were caused by falls on the same level. The most frequent type of injury was Gartland type III, accounting for 55% of the cases, and associated injuries were found in 4% of the cases. With regard to the type of treatment, 91.8% of patients were treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pin fixation. Complications on admission were found in 12% of the cases and late complications in 12% of the cases. Most patients (82%) had excellent Mayo Elbow Performance Score. Conclusion Supracondylar fractures were more frequent in males and in schoolchildren. Garland type III fractures were the most common type of injury. The treatment of choice was predominantly closed reduction and percutaneous pin fixation. The Mayo Elbow Performance Score was excellent in most patients. Our service, a referral center of a public hospital in a developing country, complies with the guidelines recommended by the AAOS.

BACKGROUND: Rib fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and providing adequate analgesia is paramount in preventing early complications from these injuries. Multiple regional anaesthetic techniques can be used to provide analgesia for these injuries; however, few evidence-based guidelines exist for their use. The aim of this study was to establish consensus within an expert group on the selection criteria used when choosing regional anaesthetic techniques for rib fractures.
METHODS: The Delphi technique is a mixed-methods study format which uses a longitudinal survey process to develop consensus opinion amongst an expert group. A three-round modified e-Delphi study was undertaken using an online survey platform. Round one established cohort characteristics and identified key factors considered important by the group when selecting regional anaesthetic techniques for rib fractures. Subsequent rounds used Likert scales and free text comments to rate the participants\' level of agreement with various statements generated from the first-round responses. The final consensus threshold was established as at least 70% of respondents stating, \'Strongly Disagree\' or \'Disagree\' or alternatively \'Agree\' or \'Strongly Agree\'.
RESULTS: An expert panel of UK-based consultants in anaesthesia and/or intensive care medicine was recruited. Participants worked in a variety of tertiary- and non-tertiary trauma care settings and were varied in their years of experience, approximate annual rib fracture caseload and preference for various anaesthetic techniques in rib fracture management. 54 participants took part in round one and generated 60 statements which were further analysed in an iterative process involving a total of three rounds. A total of 28 statements ultimately reached the pre-defined threshold for consensus within the expert group.
CONCLUSIONS: This e-Delphi study succeeded in building consensus across multiple statements relating to the selection criteria for regional anaesthesia in patients with rib fractures. These consensus statements can inform clinical practice, guide future research priorities and can be integrated into decision-making pathways across multiple hospital settings.

UNASSIGNED: The Thai Osteoporosis Foundation (TOPF) is an academic organization that consists of a multidisciplinary group of healthcare professionals managing osteoporosis. The first clinical practice guideline for diagnosing and managing osteoporosis in Thailand was published by the TOPF in 2010, then updated in 2016 and 2021. This paper presents important updates of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Thailand.
UNASSIGNED: A panel of experts in the field of osteoporosis was recruited by the TOPF to review and update the TOPF position statement from 2016. Evidence was searched using the MEDLINE database through PubMed. Primary writers submitted their first drafts, which were reviewed, discussed, and integrated into the final document. Recommendations are based on reviews of the clinical evidence and experts\' opinions. The recommendations are classified using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation classification system.
UNASSIGNED: The updated guideline comprises 90 recommendations divided into 12 main topics. This paper summarizes the recommendations focused on 4 main topics: the diagnosis and evaluation of osteoporosis, fracture risk assessment and indications for bone mineral density measurement, fracture risk categorization, management according to fracture risk, and pharmacological management of osteoporosis.
UNASSIGNED: This updated clinical practice guideline is a practical tool to assist healthcare professionals in diagnosing, evaluating, and managing osteoporosis in Thailand.

Fracture is one of the common diseases in the department of orthopaedics and traumatology. Jiegu Qili Tablets(Capsules) are a Chinese patent medicine commonly used to treat fractures in clinical practice, which has been included in the Class A drugs of the catalog of medicines covered by the National Medical Insurance System. However, no consensus or guideline has yet been developed to guide clinicians based on an evidence-based approach in detail, which has severely limited the clinical value of this drug. According to the guiding principle of evidence as the key, consensus as the supplement, and experience as the reference, a consensus was developed in strict accordance with the steps stipulated in the expert consensus on clinical applications of proprietary Chinese medicines. Based on literature review and questionnaire survey, the consensus was a timely summary of the existing clinical evidence on the treatment of fractures with Jiegu Qili Tablets(Capsules), and incorporated the treatment experience of a number of clinical experts. The preparation process took more than a year and the consensus(GS/CACM 293-2021) was officially released by the China Association of Chinese Medicine in September 2021, with the participation of multidisciplinary experts from 27 organizations of Chinese and Western medicine and research institutions. This article introduces the background and objectives of the consensus in detail, and describes the main process of proposal, drafting, expert consensus, and consultation. In particular, 5 consensus recommendations and 12 consensus suggestions are formed with regard to the key issues of indications, treatment timing, dose, duration, and safety in the clinical application of Jiegu Qili Tablets(Capsules) for the treatment of fractures, which guide and standardize the rational use by clinicians and improve the accuracy and safety of drugs.

Fragility fractures are increasingly recognized as a complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, with fracture risk that increases with disease duration and poor glycemic control. The identification and management of fracture risk in these patients remains challenging. This manuscript explores the clinical characteristics of bone fragility in adults with diabetes and highlights recent studies that have evaluated areal bone mineral density (BMD), bone microstructure and material properties, biochemical markers, and fracture prediction algorithms (FRAX) in these patients. It further reviews the impact of diabetes drugs on bone tissue as well as the efficacy of osteoporosis treatments in this population. An algorithm for the identification and management of diabetic patients at increased fracture risk is proposed.
UNASSIGNED: Diabetes mellitus und Osteoporose zählen zu den häufigsten chronischen Erkrankungen und kommen deshalb beide häufig in ein und demselben Individuum vor. Da die Prävalenz beider mit steigendem Alter zunimmt, wird in Anbetracht der Altersstruktur unserer Bevölkerung deren Häufigkeit zunehmen.
METHODS: innen mit Diabetes haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für Fragilitätsfrakturen. Die Pathophysiologie ist unklar und vermutlich multifaktoriell.Longitudinale Studien haben den Nachweis erbracht, dass das Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) und die Knochendichte (BMD) mittels DXA (T-score) Messungen und einem eventuell vorhandenen Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) das individuelle Frakturrisiko vorhersagen können. Hierfür muss allerdings eine Adjustierung vorgenommen werden, um das Risiko nicht zu unterschätzen.Es gibt derzeit aus osteologischer Sicht noch nicht den optimalen Ansatz, da es keine Studien mit rein diabetischen Patient:innen und Osteoporose gibt.
METHODS: innen mit Diabetes mellitus und einem erhöhten Frakturrisiko sollten genauso wie Patient:innen ohne Diabetes und einem erhöhten Frakturrisiko behandelt werden.Der Vitamin-D-Spiegel sollte auf jeden Fall immer optimiert werden und auf eine ausreichende Kalziumaufnahme (vorzugsweise durch die Nahrung) ist zu achten.Bei der Wahl der antihyperglykämischen Therapie sollten Substanzen mit nachgewiesen negativem Effekt auf den Knochen weggelassen werden. Bei Vorliegen einer Fragilitätsfraktur ist auf jeden Fall – unabhängig von allen vorliegenden Befunden – eine langfristige spezifische osteologische Therapie indiziert.Zur Prävention von Fragilitätsfrakturen sind antiresorptive Medikamente die erste Wahl, entsprechend den nationalen Erstattungskriterien auch anabole Medikamente. Das Therapiemonitoring soll im Einklang mit der nationalen Osteoporose Leitlinie erfolgen.