■耐碳青霉烯类微生物(CRO),如鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAb),铜绿假单胞菌(CRPa),大肠杆菌(CREC),肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKp)已被世界卫生组织(WHO)确定为全球重点病原体。这些病原体的传播和医疗机构内的克隆爆发令人严重关切,特别是在资源有限的地区。在斐济,医疗服务主要由公立医院提供,了解此问题的程度和性质对于有效的患者管理的发展至关重要,预防干预和控制策略。
■从211(77.3%)非无菌(导尿管,尿液,痰,伤口拭子,和气管导管)和62(22.7%)正常无菌(血液,脑脊液,血管内导管,和抽吸物)在斐济三大医院接受治疗的272名患者的身体部位,殖民地战争纪念医院(CWMH),劳托卡医院(LTKH),和Labasa医院(LBSH),斐济周围的外围医疗中心,进行了分析。临床和人口统计学患者数据,如年龄,性别,入院诊断,入院和出院日期,患者结果,死亡日期,回顾了美罗培南和粘菌素治疗的开始和结束日期。这些CRO分离株包括鲍曼不动杆菌,铜绿假单胞菌,大肠杆菌,和肺炎克雷伯菌,从2020年1月至2021年8月在CWMH和LBSH的微生物学实验室以及从2020年1月至2021年12月在LTKH收集。此外,从2019年1月至2019年12月从CWMH患者收集的10种回顾性储存的CRPa分离株也被纳入研究。所有分离物均使用质谱进行了表征,抗菌药物敏感性试验,和全基因组测序。通过核心基因组单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分析评估CRO之间的系统发育关系。还将CRAb分离株与2016/2017年和2019年分离的CWMH的CRAb分离株以及我们的回顾性研究中从2020年和2021年在新西兰医院住院的斐济患者中获得的CRAb分离株进行了比较。
■在272名患者中,140人(51.5%)为男性,患者的中位(范围)年龄为45(<1-89)岁,161人(59.2%)是I-Taukei,104名(38.2%)印度裔斐济人,另有7人(2.6%)来自其他族裔背景。这272名患者中有234名(86.0%),入院后≥72小时收集了他们的第一个阳性CRO样本,其余38个(14.0%)在入院后72小时内被分离。在273个CRO中,146(53.5%)在CWMH收集,66(24.2%)LTKH,和61(22.3%)LBSH,而从正常无菌部位分离出62例(22.7%),从非无菌部位分离出211例(77.3%)。在273个分离株中,131(48.0%)为CRAb,90(33.0%)CRPa,46(16.8%)CREC,和6(2.2%)CRKp。在131CRAb中,108个(82.4%)是ST2,有三个不同的克隆,所有编码blaOXA-23和blaOXA-66,而克隆3也编码blaNDM-1;blaOXA-23与ISAba1插入元件的两个拷贝相关联,形成复合转座子Tn2006。前两个CRAbST2克隆与在CMWH2016年至2019年分离出的克隆基因相关,而第三个克隆与2020年和2021年在新西兰医院接受治疗的斐济患者的分离基因相关。CRPa,65(72.2%)是ST773,并携带β-内酰胺酶基因blaNDM-1,blaOXA-50和blaOXA-395。在10个回顾性CRPa分离株中,全部属于CRPaST773,并携带blaNDM-1,blaOXA-50和blaOXA-395。在46个CREC中,44(95.7%)是ST410,并且在IncX3质粒上编码blaNDM-7。6个CRKp,图4(66.7%)是ST16并且在IncX3质粒上携带blaNDM-5。其他序列类型的CRPa(ST9,ST357,ST654,ST664),CRAb(ST25,ST374,ST499),CREC(ST167),和CRKp(ST45,ST336)也被检测到。在前瞻性研究中接受美罗培南治疗的患者中,30(57.7%)不适当地收到了它。272名患者中,65(23.9%)在首次阳性CRO分离后30天内死亡。
■我们确定了CRAbST2,CRPaST773,CRecST410和CRKpST16的不同克隆在斐济三大医院内部和之间的医院传播。此外,与CRPa相关的社区发作感染,CRec,和CRAb也被检测到。值得注意的是,还检测到CRAbST2克隆3株在斐济和新西兰之间的跨境传播。这些克隆编码了一系列与移动遗传元件相关的碳青霉烯抗性基因,包括质粒,转座子,以及整合和共轭元素,标志着他们增加流动性的潜力,进一步获得抗性基因,和传播。美罗培南的不适当使用是常见的。值得注意的是,大多数死亡患者在住院期间获得了CRO.这些发现强调了对导管和呼吸机管理的严格IPC策略的必要性。细致的伤口护理,严格的败血症控制,一致的手部卫生,有效使用消毒剂,以及对斐济三大医院的医院环境和医疗设备进行彻底消毒。此外,努力监测AMR和强有力的抗菌药物管理对于有效管理医院感染至关重要.
该项目由奥塔哥医学院基金会信托基金(Dean\'sBequestFund)和斐济国立大学种子赠款资助。研究的资助者在研究设计中没有作用,数据收集,数据分析,数据解释,或撰写报告。
UNASSIGNED: Carbapenem resistant organisms (CROs) such as Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAb), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPa), Escherichia coli (CREc), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp) have been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as global priority pathogens. The dissemination of these pathogens and clonal outbreaks within healthcare facilities are of serious concern, particularly in regions with limited resources. In Fiji, where healthcare services are primarily provided by public hospitals, understanding the extent and nature of this problem is essential for the development of effective patient management, prevention interventions and control strategies.
UNASSIGNED: CROs isolated from 211 (77.3%) non-sterile (urinary catheters, urine, sputum, wound swab, and endotracheal tube) and 62 (22.7%) normally sterile (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, intravascular catheter, and aspirates) body sites of 272 patients treated at the three major hospitals in Fiji, the Colonial War Memorial Hospital (CWMH), Lautoka Hospital (LTKH), and Labasa Hospital (LBSH), and outer peripheral health centres around Fiji, were analysed. Clinical and demographic patient data such as age, sex, admission diagnosis, admission and discharge dates, patient outcomes, date of death, start and end date of meropenem and colistin treatment were reviewed. These CRO isolates comprised A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae, that were prospectively collected at the microbiology laboratory of CWMH and LBSH from January 2020 through August 2021 and at the LTKH from January 2020 to December 2021. In addition, 10 retrospectively stored CRPa isolates collected from patients at the CWMH from January through December 2019, were also included in the
study. All isolates were characterised using mass spectrometry, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole genome sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships among the CROs were assessed through core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The CRAb isolates were also compared to the CRAb isolates from CWMH isolated in 2016/2017 and 2019, along with CRAb isolates obtained from Fijian patients admitted to New Zealand hospitals in 2020 and 2021 from our retrospective
study.
UNASSIGNED: Of 272 patients, 140 (51.5%) were male, the median (range) age of patients was 45 (<1-89) years, 161 (59.2%) were I-Taukei, 104 (38.2%) Fijians of Indian descent, and 7 (2.6%) were from other ethnic backgrounds. 234 (86.0%) of these 272 patients, had their first positive CRO sample collected ≥72 h following admission and the remaining 38 (14.0%) were isolated within 72 h following admission. Of the 273 CROs, 146 (53.5%) were collected at the CWMH, 66 (24.2%) LTKH, and 61 (22.3%) LBSH, while 62 (22.7%) were isolated from normally sterile sites and 211 (77.3%) from sites that are not sterile. Of 273 isolates, 131 (48.0%) were CRAb, 90 (33.0%) CRPa, 46 (16.8%) CREc, and 6 (2.2%) CRKp. Of 131 CRAb, 108 (82.4%) were ST2, with three distinct clones, all encoding bla OXA-23 and bla OXA - 66, while clone 3 also encoded bla NDM-1; bla OXA-23 was associated with two copies of ISAba1 insertion element, forming the composite transposon Tn2006. The first two CRAb ST2 clones were genetically linked to those isolated at CMWH 2016 through 2019, while the third was genetically linked to isolates from Fijian patients admitted to New Zealand hospitals in 2020 and 2021. Of CRPa, 65 (72.2%) were ST773 and carried β-lactamase genes bla NDM-1, bla OXA-50, and bla OXA-395. Of 10 retrospective CRPa isolates, all belonged to CRPa ST773 and carried bla NDM-1, bla OXA-50, and bla OXA-395. Of 46 CREc, 44 (95.7%) were ST410 and encoded bla NDM-7 on an IncX3 plasmid. Of 6 CRKp, 4 (66.7%) were ST16 and carried bla NDM-5 on an IncX3 plasmid. Other sequence types of CRPa (ST9, ST357, ST654, ST664), CRAb (ST25, ST374, ST499), CREc (ST167), and CRKp (ST45, ST336) were also detected. Of those receiving meropenem treatment in the prospective
study, 30 (57.7%) received it inappropriately. Of 272 patients, 65 (23.9%) died within the 30 days after first positive CRO isolation.
UNASSIGNED: We identified nosocomial transmission of distinct clones of CRAb ST2, CRPa ST773, CREc ST410, and CRKp ST16 within and between the three major hospitals in Fiji. Moreover, community onset infections associated with CRPa, CREc, and CRAb were also detected. Of note, cross-border transmission of CRAb ST2 clone 3 strain between Fiji and New Zealand was also detected. These clones encoded an array of carbapenem resistance genes associated with mobile genetic elements, including plasmids, transposons, and integrative and conjugative elements, signifying their potential for increased mobility, further acquisition of resistance genes, and spread. Inappropriate use of meropenem was common. Of note, the majority of patients who died had acquired CRO during their hospital stay. These findings highlight the need for stringent IPC strategies focusing on catheter and ventilator management, meticulous wound care, rigorous sepsis control, consistent hand hygiene, effective use of disinfectants, and thorough sanitisation of both hospital environments and medical equipment in the three major hospitals in Fiji. Additionally, diligent surveillance of AMR and robust antimicrobial stewardship are crucial for effectively managing nosocomial infections.
UNASSIGNED: This project was funded by the Otago Medical School Foundations Trust (Dean\'s Bequest Fund) and a Fiji National University seed grant. The funders of the
study had no role in the
study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report.