背景:近年来,越来越多的β2-肾上腺素能激动剂被非法用于畜牧业的生长促进和瘦肉增加,但是分析方法的发展落后于这些新兴药物。
结果:这里,我们设计并开发了一种超声探针增强的酶水解反应器,用于快速分离并同时定量动物尿液和牲畜废水中的22种β2-肾上腺素能激动剂。由于通过超声声探针的功率增强了常规的酶消化,从样品基质中全面分离β2-肾上腺素能激动剂只需要2分钟,使其成为高通量调查的更理想的替代工具。猪,牛和羊的尿液(n=287),和牲畜废水(n=15)样品,从华北和华南收集,进行了检查,以证明所提出方法的可行性和能力。六种β2-肾上腺素能激动剂(瘦肉精,沙丁胺醇,莱克多巴胺,特布他林,在动物尿液中发现了氯丙那林和西马特罗),浓度范围在0.056μg/L(特布他林)和5.79μg/L(克伦特罗)之间。在废水样品中检测到多达9种β2-肾上腺素能激动剂,其中四个在养猪场发现,九个在牛羊场发现,浓度从0.069μg/L(妥洛特罗)到2470μg/L(克伦特罗)。
结论:有趣的是,由于β2-肾上腺素能激动剂通常被认为主要在猪场被滥用,我们的数据表明,这些激动剂在反刍动物农场的检测频率和浓度都高于猪场。此外,这项工作的结果表明,在牲畜养殖场中广泛存在β2-肾上腺素能激动剂,尤其是盐酸克伦特罗和沙丁胺醇,这可能会造成食品安全和潜在的生态风险。我们建议应采取更严格的控制措施,以防止在农业动物中非法使用这些β2-肾上腺素能激动剂,尤其是反刍动物,它们也应该在排放到环境中之前被移除。
BACKGROUND: An increasing number of β2-adrenergic agonists are illicitly used for growth promoting and lean meat increasing in animal husbandry in recent years, but the development of analytical methods has lagged behind these emerging drugs.
RESULTS: Here, we designed and developed an ultrasound probe enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis reactor for quick separation and simultaneously quantification of 22 β2-adrenergic agonists in animal urine and livestock wastewater. Owing to the enhancement of the conventional enzymatic digestion through the ultrasound acoustic probe power, only 2 min was required for the comprehensively separation of β2-adrenergic agonists from the sample matrices, making it a much more desirable alternative tool for high-throughput investigation. The swine, bovine and sheep urines (n = 287), and livestock wastewater (n = 15) samples, collected from both the north and south China, were examined to demonstrate the feasibility and capability of the proposed approach. Six kinds of β2-adrenergic agonists (clenbuterol, salbutamol, ractopamine, terbutaline, clorprenaline and cimaterol) were found in animal urines, with concentrations ranged between 0.056 μg/L (terbutaline) and 5.79 μg/L (clenbuterol). Up to nine β2-adrenergic agonists were detected in wastewater samples, of which four were found in swine farms and nine in cattle/sheep farms, with concentration levels from 0.069 μg/L (tulobuterol) to 2470 μg/L (clenbuterol).
CONCLUSIONS: Interestingly, since β2-adrenergic agonists are usually considered to be abused mainly in the pig farms, our data indicate that both the detection frequencies and concentrations of these agonists in the ruminant farms were higher than the pig farms. Furthermore, the findings of this work indicated that there is a widespread occurrence of β2-adrenergic agonists in livestock farms, especially for clenbuterol and salbutamol, which may pose both food safety and potential ecological risks. We recommend that stricter controls should be adopted to prevent the illegally usage of these β2-adrenergic agonists in agricultural animals, especially ruminants, and they should also be removed before discharging to the environment.