沉积物是水生系统的组成部分,连接多种水的使用,功能,和服务。化学物质对沉积物的污染是一个世界性的问题,许多司法管辖区试图防止未来的污染(前瞻性)和管理现有的污染(回顾性)。本审查评估了全球环境法规中沉积物毒性测试的实施情况。目前,在法规中加入沉积物毒性测试在欧盟(EU)是最常见的,北美,和澳大拉西亚地区,在亚洲和非欧盟欧洲进行了一些扩张。在前瞻性评估中采用沉积物毒性测试(即,在化学品被允许投放市场之前)是最先进的,与农药协调。在环境风险的回顾性评估中(即,已经污染沉积物的化学物质),监管沉积物毒性测试实践在全球范围内的应用不一致。沉积物毒性测试的国际协调被认为是一项资产,并且通过广泛采用和部署经济合作与发展组织准则而取得了成功。另一方面,回顾性沉积物评估受益于纳入区域物种和协议。目前使用的毒性测试物种多种多样,温带物种应用最频繁,而测试方案不够灵活,无法适当地解决环境污染物的范围,包括纳米材料,高度疏水的污染物,和电离的化学物质。对水生资源不断增加和变化的压力是保护和管理工作的挑战,呼吁持续改进沉积物毒性测试方法,以确保在监管框架中有效使用。未来的发展应侧重于包括更微妙和更具体的毒性终点(例如,结合基于生物利用度的体外测试)和基因组技术,将沉积物毒性测试从单一方法扩展到多物种方法,并与生态保护目标提供更好的联系。环境毒物化学2024;00:1-20。©2024作者WileyPeriodicalsLLC代表SETAC出版的环境毒理学和化学。
Sediments are an integral component of aquatic systems, linking multiple water uses, functions, and services. Contamination of sediments by chemicals is a worldwide problem, with many jurisdictions trying to prevent future pollution (prospective) and manage existing contamination (retrospective). The present
review assesses the implementation of sediment toxicity testing in environmental regulations globally. Currently, the incorporation of sediment toxicity testing in regulations is most common in the European Union (EU), North America, and Australasian regions, with some expansion in Asia and non-EU Europe. Employing sediment toxicity testing in prospective assessments (i.e., before chemicals are allowed on the market) is most advanced and harmonized with pesticides. In the retrospective assessment of environmental risks (i.e., chemicals already contaminating sediments), regulatory sediment toxicity testing practices are applied inconsistently on the global scale. International harmonization of sediment toxicity tests is considered an asset and has been successful through the widespread adoption and deployment of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. On the other hand, retrospective sediment assessments benefit from incorporating regional species and protocols. Currently used toxicity testing species are diverse, with temperate species being applied most often, whereas test protocols are insufficiently flexible to appropriately address the range of environmental contaminants, including nanomaterials, highly hydrophobic contaminants, and ionized chemicals. The ever-increasing and -changing pressures placed on aquatic resources are a challenge for protection and management efforts, calling for continuous sediment toxicity test method improvement to insure effective use in regulatory frameworks. Future developments should focus on including more subtle and specific toxicity endpoints (e.g., incorporating bioavailability-based in vitro tests) and genomic techniques, extending sediment toxicity testing from single to multispecies approaches, and providing a better link with ecological protection goals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1697-1716. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.