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Abstract：
Climate change mitigation will trigger major changes in human activity, energy systems, and material use, potentially shifting pressure from climate change to other environmental problems. We provide a comprehensive overview of such \"environmental problem shifting\" (EPS). While there is considerable research on this issue, studies are scattered across research fields and use a wide range of terms with blurred conceptual boundaries, such as trade-off, side effect, and spillover. We identify 506 relevant studies on EPS of which 311 are empirical, 47 are conceptual-theoretical, and 148 are synthetic studies or reviews of a particular mitigation option. A systematic mapping of the empirical studies reveals 128 distinct shifts from 22 categories of mitigation options to 10 environmental impacts. A comparison with the recent IPCC report indicates that EPS literature does not cover all mitigation options. Moreover, some studies systematically overestimate EPS by not accounting for the environmental benefits of reduced climate change. We propose to conceptually clarify the different ways of estimating EPS by distinguishing between gross, net, and relative shifting. Finally, the ubiquity of EPS calls for policy design which ensures climate change mitigation that minimizes unsustainability across multiple environmental dimensions. To achieve this, policymakers can regulate mitigation options-for example, in their choice of technology or location-and implement complementary environmental policies.
摘要：
减缓气候变化将引发人类活动的重大变化，能源系统,和材料使用，潜在的压力从气候变化转移到其他环境问题。我们提供了这种“环境问题转移”(EPS)的全面概述。虽然在这个问题上有相当多的研究，研究分散在研究领域，使用概念边界模糊的广泛术语，比如权衡，副作用,和溢出。我们确定了506项有关每股收益的相关研究，其中311项是经验性的，47是概念理论，148是对特定缓解方案的综合研究或审查。经验研究的系统映射显示，从22种缓解方案到10种环境影响，有128种不同的转变。与最近的IPCC报告进行比较表明，EPS文献并未涵盖所有缓解方案。此外，一些研究系统地高估了EPS，没有考虑到减少气候变化的环境效益。我们建议从概念上澄清估计每股收益的不同方法，方法是区分总每股收益，net,和相对移动。最后,EPS的普遍性要求进行政策设计，以确保减缓气候变化，从而最大程度地减少多个环境维度的不可持续性。为了实现这一点，政策制定者可以规范缓解方案--例如，在他们选择技术或地点-并实施互补的环境政策。
