OBJECTIVE: To address emerging nutritional epidemiological research questions, data from contemporary cohorts are needed. CARTaGENE is the largest ongoing prospective cohort study of men and women in Québec, Canada. Dietary information was collected making it a rich resource for the exploration of diet in the aetiology of many health outcomes.
METHODS: CARTaGENE recruited over 43 000 men and women aged 40-69 in two phases (A and B). In phase A, a total of 19 784 men and women were enrolled between 2009 and 2010. In 2011-2012, phase A participants of CARTaGENE were recontacted and invited to complete the self-administered Canadian Diet History Questionnaire II, which assessed usual intake over the past 12 months of a comprehensive array of foods, beverages and supplements; 9379 participants with non-missing age and sex data and with plausible total energy intake comprise the CARTaGENE Cohort Nutrition Study (4212 men; 5167 women).
RESULTS: Available dietary data include intake of total energy, macronutrients and micronutrients, food group equivalents and a measure of diet quality based on the Canadian Healthy Eating Index 2005 (C-HEI 2005). Intake and diet quality varied among participants though they generally met the recommended dietary reference intakes for most nutrients. The mean C-HEI 2005 score was 61.5 (SD=14.0; max score=100), comparable to the general Canadian population. The mean (SD) scores for men and women separately were 57.0 (14.1) and 65.2 (12.8), respectively. C-HEI scores were higher for never smokers (61.6), those who had attained more than a high school education (61.4) and those with high physical activity (60.4) compared with current smokers (55.8), less than high school education level (56.2) and low physical activity (57.6), respectively (p values<0.01).
UNASSIGNED: The CARTaGENE Cohort Nutrition Study is an additional resource of the CARTaGENE platform and is available internationally to examine research questions related to diet and health among contemporary populations. Starting in 2024, annual diet assessments using two 24-hour dietary recalls over a 30-day period will take place, further expanding the cohort as a resource for dietary research.

BACKGROUND: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a challenge for pediatric dentists all over the world, and dietary factor is an important factor affecting the occurrence of ECC. Currently, there is limited research on the impact of dietary nutrient intake from Chinese diets on ECC. The purpose of this study is to explore the correlation of dietary nutrients intake with ECC and caries activity (CA) among children aged 3-5 years, and to provide dietary guidance to slow down the occurrence and development of ECC.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022. A total of 155 children were divided into three groups: caries-free group, ECC group and Severe early childhood caries (SECC) group according to the caries statues. And according to the caries activity test (CAT) value, they were also divided into three group: low CA group (L-CA), middle CA group (M-CA) and high CA group (H-CA). The 24-hour dietary intake information was collected by mobile phone application (APP). The intake of children\'s daily dietary nutrients were calculated referring to \"China Food Composition Tables\".
RESULTS: In this study, 17, 39,and 99 children were diagnosed with caries-free, ECC, and SECC. There were 33, 36, and 86 children diagnosed with L-CA, M-CA, and H-CA. The risk of ECC was increased with the intake of cholesterol(OR = 1.005) and magnesium (OR = 1.026) and decreased with the intake of iron (OR = 0.770). The risk of SECC was increased with the intake of cholesterol (OR = 1.003). The risk of high CA was increased with the intake of cholesterol (OR = 1.002). The combined application of dietary total calories, carbohydrate, cholesterol, sodium, magnesium and selenium in the diagnosis of ECC had an area under ROC curve of 0.741.
CONCLUSIONS: The increased dietary cholesterol intake may be a common risk factor for ECC and high CA in children aged 3-5. The combined application of dietary intake of total calories, carbohydrate, cholesterol, sodium, magnesium and selenium has a higher predictive value for the occurrence of ECC.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) tend to self-modify their dietary habits according to disease activity and symptoms. This study aimed to assess the adequacy of the usual diet in Italian children with IBD in comparison to a control group and to the recommended dietary allowances (RDA).
METHODS: Dietary habits of IBD children and age- and gender-matched healthy controls were investigated using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire in five Italian pediatric IBD centers. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) was assessed using the KID-MED test. Energy (EI), macro, and micronutrients intakes were compared between the two groups, to the RDA and the predicted total energy expenditure (EI/total energy expenditure [TEE]%).
RESULTS: IBD subjects (n = 110) reported a lower EI, EI/RDA%, and EI/TEE% compared to controls (n = 110) (p = 0.012, p < 0.0002, and p = 0.014), lower total protein and fat intakes (p = 0.017, p < 0.0001) and lower minerals/RDA, vitamins/RDA and micronutrients/RDA ratio (%). Poor adherence to the MD was more frequent in IBD children compared to controls (p = 0.013). The total EI and carbohydrate intake were inversely correlated with higher disease activity.
CONCLUSIONS: Italian children with IBD report an inadequate diet in terms of energy, macro, and micronutrients and have a low adherence to a high-quality MD pattern.

The long-term efficacy and use of phenylalanine-free infant amino acid formula (PFIF) is understudied. This retrospective, longitudinal study evaluated PFIF (PKU Start: Vitaflo International) in children with phenylketonuria, collecting data on metabolic control, growth, dietary intake, and symptoms and the child\'s experience with PFIF. Twenty-five children (12 males, 48%) with a median age of 3.6 years (2.0-6.2 years) were included. During 24 months follow-up, children maintained normal growth and satisfactory metabolic control. The protein intake from protein substitutes increased from 2.7 at 6 months to 2.8 g/kg/day at 24 months, while natural protein decreased from 0.6 to 0.4 g/kg/day. By 24 months, most children (n = 16, 64%) had stopped PFIF, while nine (36%) continued with a median intake of 450 mL/day (Q1:300 mL, Q3: 560 mL). Children who continued PFIF after 24 months of age had higher energy and fat intakes with higher weight/BMI z-scores compared with those who stopped earlier (p < 0.05). Constipation was reported in 44% of infants but improved with age. Initial difficulty with PFIF acceptance was reported in 20% of infants but also improved with time. Prolonged use of PFIF in pre-school children may contribute to poor feeding patterns and overweight; thus, replacing the majority of the protein equivalent provided by PFIF with a weaning protein substitute by 12 months and discontinuing PFIF before 2 years is recommended.

OBJECTIVE: Whole-grain pearl millet is a nutritious cereal source of dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. It offers health benefits such as glycemic control and satiety. Extrusion cooking for diverse formulations, including beverages, can alter its chemical composition, impacting the nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the sensory acceptability of an extruded millet flour beverage and its acute effects on glycemic index (GI), glycemic and insulinemic response, food intake, and subjective appetite sensations in euglycemic and eutrophic adults.
METHODS: This is an acute, single-blind, randomized, controlled, cross-over clinical study comprising 14 euglycemic and eutrophic adults. Initially, beverages based on whole extruded millet flour were developed, and sensorially and chemically analyzed. Next, a clinical trial was conducted with participants undergoing four sessions and consuming one of the following options: extruded millet beverage, a maltodextrin control beverage, or a glucose solution administered in two separate sessions. Blood glucose, insulin, and appetite responses were assessed over a 2-h period, in addition to determining the GI of the beverages and analyzing food intake in the 24 h following each session.
RESULTS: The extruded millet flour strawberry-flavored beverage had the best sensory acceptance and was classified as having as high GI. Consumption of the extruded millet beverage showed similar glycemic and insulinemic responses, as well as appetite control and food intake of the subjects, when compared with consumption of the maltodextrin control beverage.
CONCLUSIONS: Intake of the extruded millet beverage maintained glycemic and insulinemic responses, appetite control, and food intake in euglycemic and eutrophic subjects.

BACKGROUND: With the aging of the population worldwide, extending healthy life expectancy is an urgent issue. Muscle mass has been reported to be associated with physical independence and longevity. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of food intake in urban community-dwelling older adults with low muscle mass.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study used baseline data from the Bunkyo Health Study, which included 1618 urban community-dwelling older adults aged 65-84 years. All participants underwent measurement of body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis and evaluation of nutrient and food intake using the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Participants were stratified by sex and divided into robust or low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) groups according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria to compare differences in nutrient and food intake.
RESULTS: The mean age and body mass index were 73.1 ± 5.4 years and 22.6 ± 3.1 kg/m2, respectively. The prevalence of low SMI was 31.1% in men and 43.3% in women. In men, all food intake, including total energy intake, was similar between the low SMI group and the robust group. In women, the low SMI group had less total energy intake, and consumed lower amounts of energy-producing nutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrates), but there were only small differences in the intake of specific foods.
CONCLUSIONS: There were sex differences in food intake characteristics between urban community-dwelling older adults with low SMI and those who were robust. Advising women to increase their energy intake may be important in preventing muscle loss, and further research is needed in men.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between the dietary insulin index (DII) and the disease\'s risk is unknown, despite the fact that hyperinsulinemia is presumed to contribute to osteoporosis. The insulin response of various diets determines the DII. This study aimed to investigate the connection between postmenopausal Iranian women\'s adherence to a diet with a higher insulinemic potential and osteoporosis.
METHODS: A total of 380 postmenopausal women were included in the current case-control study. A 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with established validity and reliability was used to evaluate individuals\' daily calorie intake. The standard formula was employed to determine the dietary insulin load of each product. Subsequently, the calculation of DII was performed by dividing the dietary insulin load by the total energy consumed for each individual. In order to investigate the relationship between osteoporosis and DII, logistic regression was implemented.
RESULTS: The results of the current study demonstrated a substantial inverse relationship between osteoporosis and the DII, even after accounting for confounding variables (OR = 0.927; 95% CI = 0.888-0.967). The mean scores of DII (P < 0.001) was significantly higher in control group (36.82 ± 8.98) compared to the case group (33.53 ± 6.28).
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that keeping a diet high in insulin index and low in foods that are insulinogenic may improve bone mass density. Consequently, it may be essential for postmenopausal women to consume nutrients that stimulate insulin production in order to prevent osteoporosis.

This study aimed to determine changes in energy and nutrient intakes over three consecutive days, including the day of the shift, and the days before and after the shift, in healthcare workers working in a 24 h shift system. This study is an observational follow-up study conducted with a total of 500 volunteer healthcare professionals. Food consumption records were taken over 3 consecutive days: pre-shift (off day), shift day (24 h shift), and post-shift (off day). Mean daily intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, saturated fat, caffeine, vitamins B1, B2, niacin, B6, folate, and B12, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc are listed from highest to lowest as shift day > pre-shift > post-shift (p < 0.05 for all pairwise comparisons). While fiber, vitamin C, and calcium intakes were similar on the shift day and pre-shift day, they were significantly lower on the post-shift day (p < 0.05). The lowest dietary reference intake percentages on the post-shift day were calcium, fiber, and folate, respectively. In the present study, significant differences were detected in the energy, micronutrient-intake, and macronutrient-intake levels between the pre-shift day, shift day, and post-shift day of healthcare workers. Awareness should be increased regarding the decreased nutrient intake seen especially on the first day after a 24 h shift, and appropriate precautions should be taken to increase calcium, fiber, and folate intake levels.

BACKGROUND: The differential effects of pecans versus other popular snack foods on appetite and blood markers of metabolism and satiety have not been well studied. This study investigated the effects of a single mid-morning snack of pecans or tortilla chips on subjective appetite, food intake, blood measures of hormones and metabolites, and resting energy expenditure.
METHODS: Twenty participants with overweight and obesity were enrolled in a within-participants, randomized crossover trial. Participants had indwelling catheters placed for blood sampling and were fed a standardized breakfast, followed two hours later by a 250 kcal snack of either pecans or tortilla chips, and then by a self-selected lunch. Visual analog scale (VAS) appetite measures, blood markers, and energy expenditure were taken at intervals after food consumption.
RESULTS: VAS ratings, energy, food intake and macronutrient composition did not differ between treatment conditions, but glucose and insulin were significantly more elevated after tortilla chips. Free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were higher after consuming pecans compared to tortilla chips.
CONCLUSIONS: Pecan consumption improves postprandial glucose and insulin profiles which would be beneficial to individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Further studies are needed to investigate whether increased relative secretion of PYY and GLP-1 after eating pecans versus tortilla chips may affect subjective appetite and energy intake if consumed chronically.

This study explored the impact of varying energy availability (EA) on the 24-h interstitial fluid glucose concentration (IGC) in five elite male Japanese triathletes at a training camp. Measurements of IGC, energy and macronutrient intake, and exercise energy expenditure (EEE) through metabolic equivalents (METs) from training logs were conducted. Three subjects were evaluated over two 4-day periods, and two subjects over one 4-day period. Findings revealed significant correlations of daily mean nocturnal IGC with daily EA (r = 0.553, p = 0.001) and energy intake (EI) (r = 0.595, p < 0.001). However, no significant correlation was found between mean daily nocturnal IGC and EEE (r = -0.278, p = 0.124). Daytime IGC was ≥110 mg/dL for >50% of the time in all subjects, except on 1 day in one subject, and never fell <70 mg/dL. Therefore, daily EA may influence nocturnal IGC in elite male triathletes, although high daytime IGC levels were maintained without hypoglycemia.