UNASSIGNED: Pain and inflammation can be treated by various therapies that for the most part are not effective and can result in adverse effects. The current study was proposed to compare the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of curcumin and nano curcumin in rats.
UNASSIGNED: Rats were randomly allocated into ten groups of six for formalin and tail-flick tests including the control group, curcumin and nano curcumin groups (20, 50, 100 mg/kg), morphine group (10 mg/kg), naloxone + 100 mg/kg curcumin group, and naloxone + 100 mg/kg nano curcumin group. There were nine groups for the carrageenan test. Groups 1-7 were the same as the previous division; groups 8 and 9 received 10 mg/kg diclofenac and 1% carrageenan, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: All doses of nano curcumin significantly decreased the paw-licking time in both phases of the formalin test. In the tail-flick test, curcumin 100, nano curcumin 100, naloxone + curcumin 100, and naloxone + nano curcumin 100 showed significant analgesic effects compared to the control group. In the paw edema test, at 180 s after injection, curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and all doses of nano curcumin significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced edema. Myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation decreased at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg of curcumin but at three doses of nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg).
UNASSIGNED: In conclusion, our results suggest that the nanoemulsion formulation of curcumin can be efficient in reducing pain and especially inflammation in lower doses compared to the native form of curcumin.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we employed a multi-dimensional data mining approach to examine the clinical instances where Professor Xu Zhiyin treated thyroid nodules. Our aim is to understand the patterns of symptoms, underlying causes, and treatment approaches used for thyroid nodules. By doing so, the intention is to distill the essential aspects, compile Professor Xu Zhiyin\'s clinical insights, and investigate his scholarly perspectives.
METHODS: Professor Xu Zhiyin\'s clinical diagnoses and treatments spanning from 2009 to 2019 were entered into Microsoft Excel. Subsequently, the collected data was imported into the Medcase V5.2 system to facilitate data mining. Various techniques, such as frequency-based method, association rule analysis, and clustering, including a decentralized system clustering approach, were employed on a set of 346 cases involving patients with thyroid nodules that conformed to the specified criteria. The primary focus was on extracting insights regarding symptoms and the underlying causes from the medical records. By integrating these findings with Professor Xu Zhiyin\'s clinical expertise, we examined and summarized the outcomes of the data mining process.
RESULTS: The fundamental prescriptions were successfully extracted using the techniques for mining across multiple dimensions. Utilizing the scattered grouping of these prescriptions and with reference to the cluster analysis of the frequency-linked system, the fundamental prescriptions proposed by Professor Xu Zhiyin for addressing thyroid nodules encompass the following ingredients: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Cortex Moutan, Paeoniae radix rubra, Curcuma longa L., Radix Curcumae, persica seed, Citri Reticulatae Viride Pericarpium, Pinellia ternata, Spica Prunellae, Ostreae concha, Gleditsia sinensis spine, Tuckahoe and Radix Codonopsis.
CONCLUSIONS: The fundamental prescriptions were acquired using the frequency approach, association rule technique, k-means clustering approach, and systematic clustering approach. The research findings corroborate one another, demonstrating that Professor Xu Zhiyin\'s approach to distinguishing and treating thyroid nodules is embodied in distinct prescriptions tailored to specific diseases.

Turmeric is well-known for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties but 69.4% of the turmeric rhizome contains Turmerosaccharides whose clinical benefit is still unexplored. Turmacin®/NR-INF-02 is an aqueous extract of Turmeric containing Turmerosaccharides (>10%w/w) with negligible curcuminoids. Previous study with low dose Turmacin® confirmed its safety and efficacy in alleviating induced knee pain in healthy volunteers. Hence, this study aimed to assess the safety and explore the efficacy of moderately high dose Turmacin®. It was an open-label, single-arm interventional trial conducted from August 2018 - January 2019 in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Turmacin® was administered for seven days to 15 healthy volunteers as four capsules of 500 mg each in the morning with food. The stair mill at a speed of 60 steps per minute was used to induce knee pain and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to measure the pain intensity. Assessments were performed at baseline, Days 5 and 7. One participant reported dyspepsia of mild grade that resolved on its own. When compared to baseline, time to initial discomfort significantly increased on Day-5 (Mean Difference [MD] = 30s, p = 0.016) and Day-7 (MD = 32s, p = 0.007). Whereas the maximum VAS score decreased with time and on Day-7 and it was significantly low when compared with baseline (MD = -0.93, p = 0.008). In summary, Turmacin® supplements given at a dose of 2 g/day was safe and tolerable. Similar to the previous study with low dose Turmacin®, there was a significant increase in pain threshold and decrease in the maximum pain score post intervention.

Essential oils (EOs) and their vapour phase of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae), Ocimum campechianum (Lamiaceae), and Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) of cultivated plants grown in an Amazonian Ecuador area were chemically characterised by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Head Space-Gas Chromatograph-Flame Ionization Detector-Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC-FID-MS).figure The EOs analyses led to the identification of 25 compounds for C. longa (99.46% of the total; ar-turmerone: 23.35%), 18 compounds for C. citratus (99.59% of the total; geraniol: 39.43%), 19 compounds for O. campechianum (96.24% of the total; eugenol: 50.97%), and 28 for Z. officinale (98.04% of the total; α-Zingiberene: 15.45%). The Head Space fractions (HS) revealed C. longa mainly characterised by limonene and 1,8-cineole (37.35%) and α-phellandrene (32.33%); Z. officinale and C. citratus showed camphene (50.39%) and cis-Isocitral (15.27%) as the most abundant compounds, respectively. O. campechianum EO revealed a higher amount of sesquiterpenes (10.08%), mainly characterised by E-caryophyllene (4.95%), but monoterpene fraction remained the most abundant (89.94%). The EOs were tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and mutagen-protective properties and compared to the Thymus vulgaris EO as a positive reference. O. campechianum EO was the most effective in all the bioactivities checked. Similar results emerged from assaying the bioactivity of the vapour phase of O. campechianum EO. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity evaluation of O. campechianum EO were repeated through HP-TLC bioautography assay, pointing out eugenol as the lead compound for bioactivity. The mutagen-protective evaluation checked through Ames\'s test properly modified evidenced a better capacity of O. campechianum EO compared with the other EOs, reducing the induced mutagenicity at 0.1 mg/plate. However, even with differences in efficacy, the overall results suggest important perspectives for the functional use of the four studied EOs.

UNASSIGNED: : To assess the effects of Manuka honey, Ocimum sanctum, Curcuma longa, and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus levels.
UNASSIGNED: A randomized controlled trial will be conducted on dental students of Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad. The study participants will be divided into four groups. Each group will have a total of 20 individuals. By using a lottery system, Group A (Manuka honey mouthrinse), Group B (Ocimum sanctum mouthrinse), Group C (Curcuma longa mouthrinse), and Group D (0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse) will be chosen. To match the circadian cycle, saliva will be collected at baseline and again after 2 weeks between 10 and 10.30 a.m. The sterile container will subsequently be delivered to the microbiological laboratory and processed as soon as possible to measure Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus count. For 2 weeks, participants were told to use 10 mL of mouthrinse twice daily.
UNASSIGNED: : The mean oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) score of all the four groups showed reduction in their scores from baseline to after the study period. For both S. mutans and L. acidophilus, there was a substantial Percentage Reduction (PR) between the prerinse and postrinse samples in all four groups.
UNASSIGNED: : Because quantitative actions play a crucial part in the caries disease process, the changes in microbial activity before and after administration of experimental mouthwashes were examined.
UNASSIGNED: : Essential oil aqueous extracts were as efficient antibacterial mouthwashes as chlorhexidine and iodine mouthwashes.

The aim of this study was to prepare a polyherbal mouthwash and evaluate its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficacy against commercially available herbal mouthwash. The objective was to signify whether the novel herbal combination (extracts of Zingiber officinale [ginger], Curcuma longa [turmeric], and Syzygium aromaticum [clove] 5% v/w) could be a better alternative to commercially available herbal mouthwashes.
An in vitro study was undertaken in which extracts of Z. officinale (ginger), C. longa (turmeric), and S. aromaticum (clove) 5% v/w were used. Seven different concentrations were prepared and tested against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus in Mueller-Hinton agar medium. Plates were incubated aerobically at 37° C for 48 h, and the zone of inhibition was measured using a vernier caliper. Commercially available herbal mouthwash (Hiora) was used as a control group. The data were analyzed by descriptive analytics.
Results showed that the efficacy of novel polyherbal mouthwash had comparatively less significant antimicrobial properties against the microorganisms as compared to the commercially available herbal mouthwash. The minimum inhibitory concentration was also found to be very high, that is, 100 μg/mL.
There was no significant antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects for the polyherbal mouthwash as compared to commercially available herbal mouthwash (Hiora). Because this combination is readily available, it can be a cost-effective alternative to commercially available herbal mouthwashes.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Lemongrass (<i>Cymbopogon citratus</i>) and turmeric (<i>Curcuma longa</i>) are widely used by the community for traditional medicinal spices and cooking spices. In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, people use lemongrass and turmeric to increase immunity and protect the body from infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the antiviral mechanisms have not been studied much. This study aims to predict the bioactivity of the phytosterol compounds of lemongrass and turmeric for COVID-19 therapy through inhibition of 3C-like protease (3CLPro) <i>in silico</i>. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The 3CLPro protein 3D structure was downloaded from the PDB database with the access code 2ZU2 and the phytosterol compounds of lemongrass and turmeric were taken from PubChem. A total of 59 total phytosterol compounds from turmeric and lemongrass were screened for their bioactivity as an antiviral by using online PASS. Compounds with a high activating potential (Pa) were interacted with 3CLPro protein with the PyRx program and analyzed by Discovery Studio version 19.0 and LigPlus. <b>Results:</b> A total of 22 total phytosterol compounds were identified as potential antiviral agents. Based on the Pa value, 15 phytosterol compounds have the potential to act as inhibitor agents for 3CLPro SARS-CoV-2. The phytosterol compounds of lemongrass and turmeric bind to the 3CLPro protein in the N-finger domain region and the A and B domain inhibitors connect residues of the 3CLPro protein. The phytosterols of lemongrass and turmeric show a low binding affinity with 3CLPro SARS-CoV-2, indicating a strong interaction between ligand and protein. The inhibition of phytosterols against 3CLPro protein can be used as a basis for determining candidates for COVID-19 therapeutic agents. <b>Conclusion:</b> The phytosterol compounds contained in lemongrass and turmeric have the potential to act as 3CLPro inhibitors. Further studies both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> need to be done to prove the inhibitory potential of phytosterol compounds.

Turmeric is one of the most used herbal supplements among cancer patients. It reportedly modulates the function of CYP450 enzymes and drug transporters. This study investigates the effect of turmeric on the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in breast cancer patients. This is a prospective longitudinal study with 60 breast cancer patients on treatment with single-agent paclitaxel and turmeric. The patients were followed up for two consecutive chemotherapy cycles, and their blood samples were collected, first without turmeric (first cycle) and the next after a 21-day concomitant administration of 2 g/day turmeric (second cycle). Plasma samples were quantified for paclitaxel concentration using High Performance Liquid Chromatograph with UV detector (HPLC-UV) method. The sparse concentration-time data of paclitaxel were subjected to population pharmacokinetic modeling, and then noncompartmental analysis (NCA) was performed on the simulated data to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of paclitaxel, before and after turmeric supplementation, for comparisons. The population pharmacokinetic parameters of paclitaxel differed from before to after turmeric supplementation. NCA of simulated concentration-time profiles showed a statistically significant reduction of 7.7% and 12.1% in AUCinf and Cmax, respectively. Given the small magnitude of the changes in pharmacokinetic parameters, the observed changes are not clinically relevant. Thereby, turmeric at the recommended dose can be combined safely with paclitaxel.

Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by damage to the epithelial cells and alveolar-capillary basement membrane. The increased expression levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and TGF-β-receptor-1 induced differentiation of lung fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, an alarming sign and considered the hallmark event development of pulmonary fibrosis. In the current study, the stability of phytochemicals of Curcuma longa and Tinospora cordifolia as inhibitors of transforming growth factor β RI (TGF-β RI) were evaluated using molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies. A total of 108 Curcuma longa and 16 Tinospora cordifolia constituents were screened against TGF-β RI as the target. Further, their ADMET properties were evaluated using the pkCSM online server. The compounds tembetarine, magnoflorine from T. cordiolia, and 2-(Hydroxymethyl) anthraquinone and quercetin in C. longa showed significant binding affinities bonding interactions with the target, TGF-β RI, and the study was compared with the known inhibitors from the literature. The MD simulations study also supported that the selected compounds show a close affinity with the binding site and maintained stable behavior throughout the simulation time. The pharmacophore feature analysis of the selected compounds and inhibitors were analyzed using the pharmagist web server, and the common features like H-bond donor and aromatic ring were mapped.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

UNASSIGNED: Previous clinical trials have suggested that herbal medicines can improve the quality of life (QOL) and survival of cancer patients. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of a polyherbal compound (PHC, formulated as syrup) consisting of Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Panax ginseng, and Camellia sinensis on the quality of life (QOL) and survival in patients with upper gastrointestinal cancers.
UNASSIGNED: A randomized placebo-controlled trial was carried out on patients with esophageal or gastric cancer who had finished their oncological treatments. The patients were randomly assigned to PHC (n=20) or placebo (n=20) group. The PHC group was treated with the PHC for 12 weeks, while the placebo group received 70% sucrose syrup. The QOL was assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. The patients were followed for up to 24 months to determine overall survival.
UNASSIGNED: PHC significantly improved cancer-related symptoms, physical performance, and psychological and social functions of the patients (p<0.05 for all cases). Death occurred in 33 and 22% of cases in the placebo and PHC group, respectively. The mean survival time was 16.8 months (95% CI: 12.8-20.9) in the placebo group and 21.4 months (95% CI: 19.1-23.6) in the PHC group but the difference was not statistically significant.
UNASSIGNED: The PHC improved cancer-related symptoms, physical performance, and psychological and social functions in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. It seems that this herbal compound has the potential to be used as a supplement in the management of cancer.