UNASSIGNED: Intraneural perineurioma is a rare, benign slow-growing lesion that usually involves a single main trunk nerve during childhood and young adulthood. The treatment of intraneural perineurioma is still a subject of controversy, especially in fast-growing children. To date, there was no systemic analysis of intraneural perineurioma in children.
UNASSIGNED: A case of Intraneural perineurioma affecting the left sciatic nerve with 2 years of follow-up was presented. A systematic review was performed on literature published before June 2023, focusing on intraneural perineurioma diagnosed at no older than 18 years old.
UNASSIGNED: A 9-year-old boy presented with progressive left foot-drop and abnormal gait for 2 years. The electromyography and magnetic resonance neurography study confirmed neuropathy involving the left sciatic nerves and its branches. Pathological investigation of the left sural nerve confirmed the diagnosis of intraneural perineurioma. The boy received physical therapy, and the disease was stable during the 2 years of follow-up. Fifty-seven childhood cases were identified in literature. Five patients with oral intraneural perineurioma underwent excision of the mass with good outcomes. In the other 52 patients with peripheral nerve involvement, 25 of them received surgical treatment, with different outcomes according to different operations. Out of 33 cases with precise lesion sizes, the length of the lesion in patients without nerve resection was significantly longer than that in patients with nerve resection (12.86 ± 7.44 cm vs 4.57 ± 4.5 cm. p < 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: Intraneural perineuriomas are rare benign tumors with slow progression. The options for surgery should be cautiously considered in childhood patients with long segmental peripheral nerve involvement.

May-Thurner syndrome is a venous compression syndrome of the pelvic vessels that represents a relevant risk factor for thrombus formation. The standard procedure to secure a diagnosis is venography, followed by endovascular therapy as the preferred treatment choice if the patient is symptomatic. In our case series, there are three related patients with May-Thurner syndrome. A 16-year-old female was admitted with pulmonary embolism, dyspnoea and hip pain. The compression syndrome was diagnosed with interventional venography, and the patient received venous stent implantation. Due to her family history, we also suspected her mother to be affected by the syndrome and elucidated the diagnosis shortly afterwards by invasive venography. Subsequently, we examined the patient\'s 19-year-old brother, and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed May-Thurner syndrome. A similar case series has not been published before. In this case, the family relation indicates a possible hereditary aspect of May-Thurner syndrome. This hypothesis should be the subject of further research. In conclusion, it is essential to assess family history thoroughly when treating patients with May-Thurner syndrome.

Tuberculous pericarditis (TBP) is an important cause of pericarditis worldwide while being infrequent in childhood, especially in low-TB-incidence countries. We report a case of TBP and provide a systematic review of the literature, conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane to find cases of TBP in pediatric age published in the English language between the year 1990 and the time of the search. Of the 587 search results obtained, after screening and a backward citation search, 45 studies were selected to be included in this review, accounting for a total of 125 patients. The main signs and symptoms were fever, cough, weight loss, hepatomegaly, dyspnea, and increased jugular venous pressure or jugular vein turgor. A definitive diagnosis of TBP was made in 36 patients, either thanks to microbiological investigations, histological analysis, or both. First-line antitubercular treatment (ATT) was administered in nearly all cases, and 69 children underwent surgical procedures. Only six patients died, and only two died of TBP. TBP in childhood is relatively uncommon, even in high-TB-prevalence countries. Clinical manifestations, often suggestive of right-sided cardiac failure, are subtle, and diagnosis is challenging. TBP has an excellent prognosis in childhood; however, in a significant proportion of cases, invasive surgical procedures are necessary.

New daily data on the COVID-19 pandemic are circulating globally. This disease usually appears with respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and fever. The neurological complications of the disease are somewhat known in adults but rarely reported in children. Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood (ANEC) is one of the brain complications associated‌ with Coronavirus disease that usually has a poor prognosis in children. In this case, we report a rare case of a 7-year-old boy who was referred to the hospital with symptoms of convulsions after contracting COVID-19 and developed cerebral necrotizing encephalopathy caused by COVID-19 infection. Although ANEC is a rare disease, clinical examination and MRI and CT scan findings play an essentialrole in diagnosing and treating the disease.‌.

UNASSIGNED: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and epilepsy pose significant challenges for early diagnosis during childhood. Current scientific literature does not reflect robust action protocols that allow for a detailed screening of difficulties in this population, especially in areas such as language, cognition, and sensory profile. Additionally, detecting epilepsy before the age of 4 is established as a major current public health challenge in our society.
UNASSIGNED: The aim was to evaluate a patient exhibiting symptoms compatible with both ASD and epilepsy, determining the linguistic, cognitive, and sensory profile through a clinical assessment protocol. Furthermore, the objective included establishing a diagnosis of ASD.
UNASSIGNED: This single-case study (N = 1) presents the evaluation of a 7-year-old patient with suspected ASD, experiencing a decline in linguistic and cognitive competencies following a documented epileptic episode. Evaluation was conducted using instruments such as CELF-5, PROLEC-R, WISC-V, ENFEN, PS-2, ADI-R, and ADOS-2.
UNASSIGNED: Following assessment of language, cognition, sensory aspects, and behaviors associated with ASD, the diagnosis of ASD was confirmed in the patient, along with impairments in expressive and receptive language, executive functioning, and alterations in the sensory profile.
UNASSIGNED: Diagnosing ASD and epilepsy, as well as their evaluation, is a complex process requiring interdisciplinary assessment involving a detailed exploration of all functional competencies in individuals with this comorbidity. Future studies should focus on creating and improving existing protocols to develop optimal and effective evaluation strategies for assessing this population during childhood.

UNASSIGNED: Childhood overweight/obesity is increasing worldwide. There is evidence on the role of dietary patterns (DPs) and sleep quality on body weight in adults, but studies on the association of major DPs, sleep quality and overweight/obesity among school-age children are scarce, so the present study was done to shade a light on the subject.
UNASSIGNED: This study was a case-control study, conducted on school-age (7-13 years) children. Cases were healthy children who had a body mass index (BMI) percentile of≥85th for age and sex (n=102). Sex-matched children with a BMI percentile between 5th and 85th were considered as control group (n=102). Dietary data were collected using a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire. Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between DPs, sleep quality, and overweight/obesity.
UNASSIGNED: Three DPs were identified: \"Low-energy healthy\", \"High-energy healthy\" and \"Unhealthy diet\". Adherence to the first and second DPs was associated with 51%-62% lower odds of overweight/obesity (Odds ratio [OR]: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.24-0.97, and 0.38, 95% CI: 0.15-0.94, respectively, P<0.050). However, we found no significant association for the third DP with overweight/obesity. Furthermore, there was no significant association between sleep quality/duration and overweight/obesity. The interactions of DPs and sleep quality/duration with overweight/obesity were not significant.
UNASSIGNED: Eating a diet high in white meats, eggs, vegetables, fruits and juices, nuts, dairy products, whole grains, and low in refined grains and snacks is associated with a lower likelihood of overweight/obesity in children. This inverse association does not depend on sleep quality/duration.

UNASSIGNED: This case report describes the clinical course of a juvenile female with FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets preceding the onset of SLE. Our study demonstrates the possibility of hypophosphatemic rickets as an early symptom of SLE.
UNASSIGNED: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)-related hypophosphatemic rickets is observed in both genetic and acquired disorders. Various reports describe FGF23-related hypophosphatemia with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), although FGF23-related hypophosphatemia preceding the onset of SLE has never been described. Here, we report the case of a 9-year-old female with FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets preceding the onset of SLE. The patient presented to us with arthralgia in the lower extremities and abnormality of gait lasting for 8 months. She was diagnosed with FGF23 hypophosphatemic rickets due to the presence of hypophosphatemic rickets symptoms and high serum levels of FGF23. Additional examination excluded hereditary diseases and tumor-induced osteomalacia. Three months after diagnosis of FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets, she developed nephritis and was diagnosed with SLE. She was treated with prednisolone, hemodialysis, and disease-modifying drugs, as well as oral sodium phosphate to improve hypophosphatemia. Serum anti-double-stranded DNA antibody (dsDNAab) and plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were elevated at FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets diagnosis. During the clinical course, serum FGF23 correlated with dsDNAab and TNF-α serum levels, which are involved in SLE disease activity. In this case, FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets without hereditary diseases or tumor-induced osteomalacia occurred before the appearance of juvenile SLE symptoms, and serum FGF23 represented disease activity in SLE.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children. The present study reports the case of a 2-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain and a palpable abdominal mass. Radiological investigations failed to reveal the tissue origin of the mass and a tru-cut biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of embryonal RMS. Surgical excision was performed after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. The pelvic end of the mass was observed to continue with the left medial umbilical ligament. The patient\'s postoperative course was uneventful, and follow-up imaging showed no evidence of recurrence. Τhe present case report is the first non-syndromic case with left umbilical medial ligament-originated RMS.

This case describes delusions of vampirism among several other psychotic symptoms in a 15-year-old who has a diagnosis of schizophrenia, with these delusions first presenting when he was 13 years of age. Delusions of vampirism can be associated with a strong desire to suck human blood but these delusional beliefs were not acted upon here. This is the first report of delusions of vampirism in childhood to date. The introduction of the antipsychotic medication clozapine after failed treatment trials with two other antipsychotic agents has been associated with a significant amelioration in symptomatology and an improvement in functioning.

Regression of leukemia in the absence of disease-modifying therapy remains poorly understood, although immunological mechanisms are thought to play a role. Here, we present a unique case of a 17-year-old boy with immune dysregulation and long-lasting regression of a (pre)leukemic clone in the absence of disease-modifying therapy. Using molecular and immunological analyses, we identified bone marrow features associated with disease control and loss thereof. In addition, our case reveals that detection of certain fusion genes with hardly any blasts in the bone marrow may be indicative of an accompanying oncogenic fusion gene, with implications for disease surveillance- and management in future patients.