The differences in the proteolytic patterns and shear force of pork and beef during aging were evaluated. Pork and beef semitendinosus muscles were obtained at 24 and 48 h postmortem, respectively, and aged at 4°C for 0 (Day 0), 7 (Day 7), and 14 days (Day 14). Changes in the electrical conductivity were observed in pork on Day 7 and beef on Day 14. The calpain activity increased in pork (p<0.05) after 14 days of aging, whereas that of beef decreased on Day 7 (p<0.05). The cathepsin B activity in pork and beef increased between Day 7 and 14 (p<0.05). The content of α-amino group in the 10% trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction increased between Day 7 and 14 in pork (p<0.05), but increased steadily in beef throughout aging (p<0.05). The electrophoretogram of the myofibrillar proteins revealed a 30 kDa protein band only in the beef lane on Day 14. The cooked pork had no significant changes in the shear force during aging periods (p>0.05), while the gradual decrease in the shear force with the increasing aging periods was shown in the cooked beef (p<0.05). Circular dichroism analysis of myosin extracts from pork and beef revealed thermal denaturation temperatures of 55°C and 58°C, respectively. This study highlights the different post-mortem proteolytic patterns and thermal denaturation temperatures of myosin in pork and beef semitendinosus muscles, which contribute to distinct changes in the shear force during aging between pork and beef.

The increase in the negative effects of global change promotes the search for alternatives to supply the demand for food worldwide aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to ensure food security. Animal protein, which is a main source of nutrients in the diet of today\'s society, especially beef, which is one of the most demanded products nowadays, has been criticized not only for its high water consumption and land occupation for production but also for the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) from enteric methane generated in the fermentation process within the bovine rumen and deforestation for the adaptation of pastures. This study is mainly motivated by the lack of quantifiable scientific information in Colombia on the environmental impacts of beef production. Therefore, it is intended to estimate some of the impacts of beef production in extensive systems using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method under a particular scenario considering all the production phases (from raw material to fattening, where the cattle are ready to be slaughtered). The study was conducted with data supplied by a farm in Antioquia, Colombia, and the functional unit (FU) was defined as 1 kg of live weight (LW). The scope of this study was gate-to-gate. \"The 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories\" (IPCC  2006; IPCC 2019) was used to calculate methane and nitrous oxide emissions. LCA modeling was developed with Ecoinvent database v3.8 and the Umberto LCA + software. It was found that the most affected category of damage was ecosystem quality, which represents 77% of the total, followed by human health at 17% and resources at 6%. The category impact of agricultural land occupation is the one that represents the most significant contribution to the ecosystem quality endpoint, with a percentage of 87%, due to the soil\'s compaction and the loss of the soil\'s properties. Additionally, the obtained carbon footprint for the system was 28.9 kg of CO2-eq/kg LW.

The Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) programme aims to quantify the economic and broader societal costs of animal disease, providing information to policy-makers and other stakeholders to inform investments in animal health. Within this context, GBADs\'Indonesian case study brings together a multidisciplinary and multi-national team to pilot the GBADs methodology in the Asiaâ€\"Pacific region. This article describes the process of building a case study and, based on that experience, summarises key learnings to inform the development of future case studies and similar projects. Recommendations focus on the steps required to build successful partnerships to deliver a complex programme of work; the authors highlight the need to consider the local context in aligning project and country priorities, the importance of early engagement with a range of stakeholders, and the need for regular and clear communication within the project team.
Le programme \" Impact mondial des maladies animales \" (GBADs) vise à quantifier les coûts économiques et plus largement sociétaux des maladies animales, de manière à fournir aux décideurs politiques et aux autres parties prenantes l\'information nécessaire pour étayer leurs décisions sur les investissements à réaliser en santé animale. Dans ce contexte, l\'étude de cas lancée par le GBADs en Indonésie a réuni une équipe multidisciplinaire et internationale qui a eu pour tâche de piloter l\'application de la méthode du GBADs dans la région Asie-Pacifique. Les auteurs décrivent le processus d\'élaboration d\'une étude de cas ; ils résument ensuite les principaux enseignements tirés de cette expérience, qui apporteront un éclairage précieux lors de la conception de futures études de cas et de projets similaires. Les recommandations portent principalement sur les étapes nécessaires à la mise en place de partenariats réussis et capables d\'obtenir des résultats à travers un programme de travail complexe ; les auteurs soulignent ainsi la nécessité de prendre en compte le contexte local afin d\'adapter les projets aux priorités du pays, l\'importance de nouer des liens dès le départ avec une diversité de parties prenantes et l\'exigence d\'une communication claire et régulière au sein de l\'équipe du projet.
El programa sobre el Impacto Global de las Enfermedades Animales (GBADs) tiene como objetivo cuantificar los costos económicos y sociales de las enfermedades animales, proporcionando información a los encargados de formular políticas y a otras partes interesadas para orientar las inversiones en sanidad animal. En este contexto, el estudio de caso del GBADs en Indonesia reúne a un equipo multidisciplinario y multinacional para poner a prueba la metodología del GBADs en la región de Asia y el Pacífico. En este artículo se describe el proceso de elaboración de un estudio de caso y, a partir de dicha experiencia, se resumen las principales enseñanzas que servirán de base para el desarrollo de futuros estudios de caso y proyectos similares. Las recomendaciones se centran en los pasos necesarios para crear alianzas fructíferas que permitan llevar adelante un programa de trabajo complejo. Los autores destacan la necesidad de tener en cuenta el contexto local a la hora de alinear las prioridades del proyecto y las del país, la importancia de establecer una pronta colaboración con diversas partes interesadas y la necesidad de que haya una comunicación regular y clara dentro del equipo del proyecto.

Machine learning classification approaches were used to discriminate a fishy off-flavour identified in beef with health-enhanced fatty acid profiles. The random forest approach outperformed (P < 0.001; receiver operating characteristic curve: 99.8 %, sensitivity: 99.9 % and specificity: 93.7 %) the logistic regression, partial least-squares discrimination analysis and the support vector machine (linear and radial) approaches, correctly classifying 100 % and 82 % of the fishy and non-fishy meat samples, respectively. The random forest algorithm identified 20 volatile compounds responsible for the discrimination of fishy from non-fishy meat samples. Among those, seven volatile compounds (pentadecane, octadecane, γ-dodecalactone, dodecanal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, 2-heptanone, and ethylbenzene) were selected as significant contributors to the fishy off-flavour fingerprint, all being related to lipid oxidation. This fishy off-flavour fingerprint could facilitate the rapid monitoring of beef with enhanced healthy fatty acids to avoid consumer dissatisfaction due to fishy off-flavour.

As environmental and health concerns of beef production and consumption mount, there is growing interest in agroecological production methods, including finishing beef cattle on pastures with phytochemically diverse grasses, forbs, and/or shrubs. The goal of this metabolomics, lipidomics, and fatty acid methyl ester profiling study was to compare meat (pectoralis profundus) of Black Angus cattle from two commercial US beef finishing systems (pasture-finished on Western U.S. rangeland; n = 18 and grain-finished in a Midwest U.S. feedlot; n = 18). A total of 907 out of 1575 compounds differed in abundance between pasture-finished and grain-finished beef samples (all, false discovery rate adjusted P < 0.05). Pasture-finished beef contained higher levels of phenolic antioxidants (2.6-fold), alpha-tocopherol (3.1-fold), nicotinate/vitamin B3 (9.4-fold), choline (1.2-fold), myo-inositol (1.8-fold), and omega-3 fatty acids (4.1-fold). Grain-finished beef contained higher levels of gamma-tocopherol (14.6-fold), nicotinamide/vitamin B3 (1.5-fold), pantothenate/vitamin B5 (1.3-fold), and pyridoxine/vitamin B6 (1.3-fold); indicating that feeding some grain (by-products) could be beneficial to increase levels of certain B-vitamins. Pasture-finished beef samples also displayed lower levels of oxidative stress (homocysteine, 0.6-fold; and 4-hydroxy-nonenal-glutathione, 0.4-fold) and improved mitochondrial function (1.3-fold) compared to grain-finished animals. Two potential metabolites of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, 2,8-quinolinediol and 2,8-quinolinediol sulfate, were only observed in grain-finished beef, though the source remains unknown. While pasture-finished cattle displayed improved markers of metabolic health and concentrated additional, potentially health-promoting compounds in their meat, our findings should not be interpreted as that grain-finished beef is unhealthy to consume. Randomized controlled trials in humans are required to further assess whether observed differences between pasture-finished and feedlot-finished beef have an appreciable effect on human health.

(1) Background: Dietary protein is a key component of all dietary patterns. It has been demonstrated that there are subtle differences in health implications associated with the source of dietary protein consumed. This study examined dietary protein sources (DPSs) in a long-term study of diet-induced obesity ± ammonium hydroxide enhancement (AHE) and its role in improving long-term health outcomes. (2) Methods: Over 18 months, 272 C3H/HeJ mice (136 male and 136 female) were monitored on high-fat diets with varying DPSs ± AHE. Mice were monitored for weekly change in total mass, as well as 6-month assessments of lean and fat mass. At each assessment, a cohort (~8 mice per diet per sex) was censored for a cross-sectional examination of organ function. (3) Results: Longevity was improved in females fed AHE diets, regardless of DPSs. Females\' measures of fat and lean mass were markedly elevated with casein protein diets compared to beef protein diets regardless of AHE. Females fed a beef protein diet + AHE demonstrated reduced fat mass and increased lean mass with aging. In males, AHE beef protein diet-fed mice showed marked improvement to longevity and increased lean mass at 6 months. (4) Conclusions: This study demonstrates that dietary protein modification by AHE attenuates the negative impacts of HF diets in both males and females in a sex-dependent manner. Furthermore, the results from this study emphasize the importance of identifying the differences in the utilization of dietary proteins in both a sex- and age-related manner and demonstrate the potential of DPS modification by AHE as a dietary intervention.

Lipids are vital precursors to beef aroma compounds, but the exact lipid molecules influencing aroma generation remain unconfirmed. This study employs gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry and absolute quantitative lipidomics to identify beef\'s aroma and lipid profiles and to examine lipid alterations post-thermal processing. The aim is to understand the role of lipids in aroma generation during beef\'s raw-to-cooked transition. Eighteen key aroma compounds were identified as significant contributors to the aroma of beef. 265 lipid molecules were quantified accurately, and we found that triglycerides containing C18:1 or C18:2 chains, such as TG(16:0_18:1_18:1), TG(16:0_18:1_18:2), TG(16:0_16:1_18:1), as well as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine containing PC(16:1e_20:4), PC(16:0e_20:4), PC(18:2e_18:2), and PE(16:1e_20:4), played important roles in the generation of key aroma compounds in beef. C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, and C20:4 were key substrates for the formation of aroma compounds. In addition, lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine containing unsaturated fatty acid chains may serve as important aroma retainers.

The current article is a forward-looking synopsis to provide insights into the current state of the industry and some areas where future work may hold additional promise. The integration of genomics into the dairy and beef industries is multifaceted and will impact production gains, identification and management of genetic diseases, and streamlined breeding and selection approaches. Veterinarians are uniquely poised to educate clients, integrate genomic data with existing metrics, and assist in decision-making that will impact the future shape of the global herd.

Using a solvent-casting method, a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) film incorporated with caprylic acid (CA) was developed as an active packaging against Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium and S. enteritidis to reduce the risk of microbial contamination during distribution and storage of meat. According to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test results of the natural antimicrobial, CA was introduced at 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 % (v/v) into neat PLA. The biofilm inhibitory effect and antimicrobial efficacy of CA-PLA film against both Salmonella strains, as well as the intermolecular interactions and barrier properties of CA-PLA film, were evaluated. Biofilm formation was reduced to below the detection limit (<1.0 log CFU/cm2) for both S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis when co-cultured overnight with 4.8 % CA-PLA film. The 4.8 % CA-PLA film achieved maximum log reductions of 2.58 and 1.65 CFU/g for S. typhimurium and 2.59 and 1.76 CFU/g for S. enteritidis on inoculated chicken breast and beef stored at 25 °C overnight, respectively, without any quality (color and texture) losses. CA maintained its typical chemical structure in the film, as confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra. Furthermore, film surface morphology observations by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that CA-PLA film was smoother than neat PLA film. No significant (P > 0.05) changes were observed for water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability by the addition of CA into PLA film, suggesting that CA-PLA film is a promising strategy for active packaging to control Salmonella contamination in the meat industry.

UNASSIGNED: Meat contamination occurs in various ways, the most important of which are live animals before slaughter and the slaughter process (de-hiding and evisceration). For this, many substances were used that have an antimicrobial effect and can disinfect the surfaces of the carcass and extend its shelf life.
UNASSIGNED: This research aimed to study the efficiency of using some organic acids (lactic acid and beefxide) to reduce the microbial load (indicator microorganisms) on the surfaces of beef carcasses and some edible organs in the Mosul slaughterhouse.
UNASSIGNED: Two hundred sixty-four swabs (192 carcasses + 72 edible organ samples) were collected over the course of three months from the Mosul slaughterhouse in Nineveh Governorate between September 2023, and December 2023 (132 treated with organic acids and 132 not treated). The petrifilm method was used to detect indicator microorganisms in the samples.
UNASSIGNED: Our results showed that the contamination rate in beef carcasses with generic Escherichia coli, coliforms, total coliform counts, and Enterobacteriaceae before treatment was 0.81, 1.22, 1.48, and 1.38 mean log colony forming unit (CFU/cm2), respectively. While the contamination rate in samples treated with organic acids for generic E. coli, coliforms, total coliform counts, and Enterobacteriaceae was -0.1, 0.31, 0.45, and 0.41 mean log CFU/cm2, respectively. Moreover, the level of contamination with indicator microorganisms in edible organs treated with organic acids was lower compared to untreated samples. Even though there was contamination with indicator microorganisms in the liver, heart, and kidney, there was no \"significant\" difference between them. Whereas there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between lactic acid and beefxide solution in terms of reducing the rate of contamination of the indicator microorganisms in carcasses and the edible organs samples. Regarding the type of swabs used in the study, the results showed the effectiveness of sponge swabs, as the rate of microbial recovery (indicator microorganisms) was higher (p < 0.01) compared to cotton swabs.
UNASSIGNED: The study demonstrated the efficiency of using organic acids (lactic acid and beefxide solution) in reducing the microbial load to a level that does not cause diseases.