食源性抗微生物(AMR)微生物是全球食品安全关注的问题。在牲畜中使用抗菌药物(AMU)可能会增加人类通过受污染的动物产品感染食源性细菌的风险。因此,各国实施了不同的牲畜AMU限制政策,打开潜在的贸易争端。必须通过使用科学合理的风险评估来建立具有不同AMU政策的国家之间的AMR风险等效性。食品法典委员会的食源性抗菌素耐药性风险分析指南(AMRCodex)建议采用一种方法,需要量化详细信息,为此,在许多情况下,几乎没有数据存在。以食用牛肉中的AMR沙门氏菌暴露为例,我们通过比较美国和欧盟的关键区域特定参数来证明实施AMR法典的难度,两个有大量牛肉生产和消费的地区,强大的食源性病原体采样和监测系统,和不同的AMU政策。目前,这两个区域都没有完全捕获关键区域变量的数据,以填充AMR法典中概述的详细风险评估,他们也无法将牲畜中的AMU与人类的AMR感染充分联系起来。因此,AMRCodex指南目前是理想的,并不是评估减少牲畜AMU对牛肉引起的AMR沙门氏菌病人类健康风险的影响的可行选择.需要更灵活的风险评估准则,将牲畜AMU与人类健康风险更直接地联系起来,并适应当前可用的数据,以考虑到国家差异并计算可比的区域风险估计,可以用来指导国际贸易政策。
Foodborne antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) microorganisms are a global food safety concern. Antimicrobial drug use (AMU) in livestock may increase the risk of resistant foodborne bacterial infections in humans via contaminated animal products. Consequently, countries have implemented different livestock AMU restriction policies, opening the potential for trade disputes. AMR risk equivalence between countries with different AMU policies must be established by using scientifically justified risk assessments. The Codex Alimentarius Commission\'s
Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR Codex) recommends an approach that requires quantification of detailed information, for which, in many instances, little to no data exist. Using AMR Salmonella exposure from beef consumption as an example, we demonstrate the difficulty of implementing the AMR Codex by comparing key regionally specific parameters within the United States and European Union, two regions with substantial
beef production and consumption, robust foodborne pathogen sampling and surveillance systems, and different AMU policies. Currently, neither region fully captures data for key regional variables to populate a detailed risk assessment as outlined in the AMR Codex, nor are they able to adequately link AMU in livestock to AMR infections in humans. Therefore, the AMR Codex
guidelines are currently aspirational and not a viable option to assess the impact of livestock AMU reductions on the human health risk of AMR salmonellosis from
beef or produce regionally comparable estimates of risk. More flexible risk assessment
guidelines that more directly link livestock AMU to human health risk and are amenable to currently available data are needed to allow for country variations and to calculate comparable regional risk estimates, which can be used to guide international trade policy.