UNASSIGNED: This article describes a case of polymicrobial Arcanobacterium haemolyticum pharyngitis and sinusitis complicated by intracranial complications and reviews similar cases in the literature.
UNASSIGNED: A 21-year-old immunocompetent male presented with symptoms of sore throat, rhinorrhoea, lethargy, headache, and rash. Imaging demonstrated sinusitis, pre-septal sinusitis, peritonsillar abscess formation, subdural empyema and cerebritis. He was managed with endoscopic sinus surgery, craniotomy for evacuation of subdural empyema and antibiotics. Microbiological samples demonstrated growth of A. haemolyticum, strep. anginosus, and fusobacterium necrophorum. He subsequently developed a cerebral abscess requiring stereotactic needle drainage. After a prolonged course of antibiotics, the patient was discharge and made a good recovery.
UNASSIGNED: A. haemolyticum is an uncommon cause of non-streptococcal pharyngitis that may occur alongside other microorganisms and is rarely associated with severe intracranial complications. This organism and its antibiotic susceptibility patterns should be considered in complicated upper respiratory tract infections in immunocompetent hosts. Penicillins and macrolide antibiotics form the mainstay of therapy for A. haemolyticum.

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum causes pharyngeal and skin lesions but rarely causes severe systemic infections. An 80-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus was admitted for surgery of a left femoral neck fracture and right first toe ulcer. On day 19, chest radiography revealed a massive left pleural effusion.Pleural fluid culture grew Staphylococcus aureus and A. haemolyticum. The fluid was drained via a chest tube, and the patient was treated with cefazolin and clindamycin. Only four cases of pyothorax caused by A. haemolyticum have been reported, and no previous cases of A. haemolyticum pyothorax with bacterial co-infections have been reported.

UNASSIGNED: to describe a case of severe sepsis and complicated bacteremia caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and review similar cases in the literature.
UNASSIGNED: A 26-year-old gentleman with a history of epilepsy presented with symptoms of sore throat, productive cough, periumbilical abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, subjective fevers along with progressive jaundice for seven days. The patient had acute fulminant liver failure, septic shock, and Multi-organ failure. He required vasopressors, underwent intubation, and had grown Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in the blood and Bronchoalveolar lavage samples. He developed a peritonsillar abscess and cavitary pneumonia and required chest tube drainage followed by thoracotomy for hemothorax. The patient improved on Ampicillin-Sulbactam treatment and was treated with a total antibiotic duration of 6 weeks. He fully improved on post-discharge follow-up.
UNASSIGNED: Arcanobacterium haemolyticum is a Gram-positive (sometimes Gram variable), catalase-negative facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, and variably β-hemolytic and is known to be a cause of pharyngitis and skin and soft tissue infections. Rarely A. Haemolyticum can be associated with severe systemic infections such as infective endocarditis, systemic abscesses, osteomyelitis, and septicemia. In previous literature reviews, the source of A. haemolyticum depended on the host, and pharyngeal and upper respiratory sources were likely to be associated with immunocompetent hosts.
UNASSIGNED: A. haemolyticum should be included in the differential diagnosis of bacterial pharyngitis complicated by severe systemic illness. Penicillins are the most commonly used antibiotics for treating A. haemolyticum bacteremia, and macrolides can be used for Penicillin\'s treatment failure.

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum can cause deep infections, including osteomyelitis. In this study, an automated system misidentified this causal agent as Cellulomonas species but 16 s rRNA sequencing correctly identified it as A. haemolyticum. Recognizing the capability of A. haemolyticum to establish the disease is of great importance to enable accurate diagnosis and begin the suitable antibiotic therapy. Here we present the first case of successfully treated A. haemolyticum infective osteomyelitis in a 64-year-old Saudi patient with diabetes mellitus type 2 and review the characteristics of this seldom pathogenic agent.

A 57-year-old man with untreated diabetes mellitus was admitted to our hospital due to an intrathoracic mass lesion infiltrating the vertebral body and mediastinum. The mass was suspected to be invasive lung cancer; however, percutaneous needle biopsy revealed that the mass was inflammatory granulation tissue caused by an Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an intrathoracic mass lesion caused by an A. haemolyticum infection. When an intrathoracic mass lesion is suspected, clinicians should consider possible infections that cause granulation tissue, such as A. haemolyticum. This is particularly important in immunocompromized hosts such as patients with diabetes.

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum is an extremely rare cause of cerebral abscess. We present a unique case of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum sinusitis complicated by preseptal cellulitis and cerebral abscess. The patient initially presented with pharyngitis and then developed sinus congestion, headache and facial pain. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a right gyrus rectus cerebral abscess and paranasal sinus infection. The patient underwent endoscopic sinus surgery and cultures revealed Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Repeat imaging revealed maturation and progression of intracranial abscess. The abscess was drained and patient was treated with parenteral and oral antibiotics until complete clinical and radiological remission. This case highlights the importance of recognizing Arcanobacterium haemolyticum as a cause of invasive disease in immunocompetent hosts.