UNASSIGNED: As the health status of a population is influenced by a variety of health determinants, we sought to assess their impact on health outcomes, both at the global and regional levels.
UNASSIGNED: This ecological study encompassed all 194 member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) from 2000 to 2018. We first identified all health determinants and then retrieved the related data from various global databases. We additionally considered three indicators - disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLL), and years lived with disability (YLD) - in evaluating health outcomes; we extracted their data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. We then applied econometric analyses using a multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model.
UNASSIGNED: The analysis using the DALY indicator showed that the variables of sexually transmitted infections, injuries prevalence, and urbanisation had the highest effect size or regression coefficients (β) for health outcomes. The variables of sexually transmitted infection (β = 0.75, P < 0.001) in the African region; drinking water (β = -0.60, P < 0.001), alcohol use (β = 0.20, P < 0.001), and drug use (β = 0.05, P = 0.036) in the Americas region; urbanisation (β = -0.34, P < 0.001) in the Eastern Mediterranean region; current health expenditure (β = -0.21, P < 0.001) in the Europe region; injuries (β = 0.65, P < 0.001), air pollution (β = 0.29, P < 0.001), and obesity (β = 0.92, P < 0.001) in the South-East Asia region; and gross domestic product (β = -0.25, P < 0.001), education (β = -0.90, P < 0.001), and smoking (β = 0.28, P < 0.001) in the Western Pacific region had the most significant role in explaining global health outcomes. Except for the drug use variable in regional findings, the role of other variables in explaining the YLL indicator was greater than that of the YLD indicator.
UNASSIGNED: To address global health disparities and optimise resource allocation, global and interregional policymakers should focus on determinants that had the highest β with health outcomes in each region compared to other regions. These determinants likely have a higher marginal health product, and investing in them is likely to be more cost-effective.

UNASSIGNED: Analyze inequalities in self-perceived health among population groups located at the intersections of gender identity, ethnicity, and education level in countries of the Americas, classified by income level.
UNASSIGNED: Panel data from the World Values Survey were used for the period 1990-2022. The study sample included 58 790 people between 16 and 65 years of age from 14 countries in the Americas. The dependent variable was poor self-perceived health, and the independent variables were gender, education level, and ethnicity. A multi-categorical variable with 12 strata was created for the intercategorical intersectionality analysis. An analysis of individual heterogeneity and diagnostic accuracy was performed using five logistic regression models, adjusted by age and by survey wave.
UNASSIGNED: A clear and persistent intersectional gradient for poor self-perceived health was observed in all country disaggregations by income. Compared to the category with the most advantage (men of majority ethnicity and higher education), the other groups had increased risk of poor health, with the highest risk among women of minority ethnicity and in Indigenous peoples with less than secondary education (three to four times higher). In addition, women had a higher risk of poor health than men in each pair of intersectional strata.
UNASSIGNED: The intersectional analysis demonstrated a persistent social gradient of self-perceived ill health in the Americas.
UNASSIGNED: Analisar desigualdades na autopercepção de saúde entre grupos populacionais localizados nas interseções de identidade de gênero, etnia e nível de escolaridade em países das Américas, classificados pelo nível de renda.
UNASSIGNED: Foram usados dados em painel da Pesquisa Mundial de Valores referentes ao período de 1990 a 2022. A amostra deste estudo incluiu 58 790 pessoas com idades entre 16 e 65 anos de 14 países das Américas. A variável dependente foi a autopercepção de problemas de saúde, e as variáveis independentes foram gênero, nível de escolaridade e etnia. Para a análise interseccional intercategórica, foi criada uma variável multicategórica de 12 estratos. Foi realizada uma análise da heterogeneidade individual e da precisão do diagnóstico usando cinco modelos de regressão logística ajustados por idade e onda de pesquisa.
UNASSIGNED: Observou-se um gradiente interseccional claro e persistente para a autopercepção de problemas de saúde em todas as desagregações de países por renda. Em comparação com a categoria mais favorecida (homens de etnia majoritária e com ensino superior), todos os outros grupos apresentaram maior risco de problemas de saúde, com o maior risco para mulheres de etnias minoritárias ou povos indígenas com nível de escolaridade inferior ao ensino médio (três a quatro vezes maior). Além disso, as mulheres tinham um risco maior de problemas de saúde do que os homens em cada um dos pares de estratos interseccionais.
UNASSIGNED: A análise interseccional demonstrou a persistência de um gradiente social na autopercepção de problemas de saúde nas Américas.

Poor nutrition is one of the leading causes of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially in the WHO Region of the Americas (AMRO). In response, international organisations recommend front-of-pack nutrition labelling (FOPNL) systems that present nutrition information clearly to help consumers make healthier choices. In AMRO, all 35 countries have discussed FOPNL, 30 countries have formally introduced FOPNL, eleven have adopted FOPNL, and seven countries (Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) have implemented FOPNL. FOPNL has gradually spread and evolved to better protect health by increasingly adopting larger warning labels, contrasting background devices for better salience, using \"excess\" instead of \"high in\" to improve efficacy, and adopting the Pan American Health Organization\'s (PAHO) Nutrient Profile Model to better define nutrient thresholds. Early evidence illustrates successful compliance, decreased purchases and product reformulation. Governments still discussing and waiting to implement FOPNL should follow these best practices to help reduce poor nutrition related NCDs. Translated versions of this manuscript are available in Spanish and Portuguese in the supplementary material.

On March 11, 2020 the WHO declared the state of pandemic by COVID-19. As of July 29, 2020, 17 106 007 cases and 668 910 deaths have been reported globally. The region of the Americas has reported 9 152 173 cases (53%) and 351 121 deaths (52,2%), so the aggregate analysis of the data in countries in this region is of interest. Argentina, Chile and Colombia, due to their demographic and economic characteristics, are countries that can be studied.
Analyze variables related to health systems and epidemiological data of SARS-CoV-2 virus disease in Argentina, Chile and Colombia.
A descriptive study of variables reported by the official organisms of each state was used.
There is an important difference in active cases and mortality among the three countries; the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires has the highest number of active cases as of July 2020. Colombia has the highest numbers of deaths confirmed by COVID-19 in the months of February to July 2020. We suggest the unification of an information system for Latin America that allows a comprehensive monitoring of variables, improves the qua-lity of data and unifies the technical language.

This paper examines the controversy that followed the 1987 publication of Joseph Greenberg\'s book, Language in the Americas, attending to the role of language and linguistic research within overlapping disciplinary traditions. With this text, Greenberg presented a macro-level tripartite classification that opposed then dominant fine-grained analyses recognizing anywhere from 150 to 200 distinct language families. His proposal was the subject of a landmark conference, examining strengths and weaknesses, the unpublished proceedings of which are presented here for the first time. For specialists in the anthropological and comparative-historical study of Indigenous American languages, Greenberg\'s intervention highlighted the tension between language, conceived as an abstract object of study, and languages, understood to be carriers of specific cultural knowledge. For physical anthropologists and archaeologists, his theory was initially fortuitous on programmatic, substantive, and methodological grounds. The essay will show how interdisciplinary appeals were figured by supporters as a virtue, and by critics as a vice. The essay further highlights ethical reasons for integrating historical narratives of science and the humanities.

UNASSIGNED: To quantify the association between the prevalence of population hypertension control and ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke mortality in 36 countries of the Americas from 1990 to 2019.
UNASSIGNED: This ecologic study uses the prevalence of hypertension, awareness, treatment, and control from the NCD-RisC and IHD and stroke mortality from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Regression analysis was used to assess time trends and the association between population hypertension control and mortality.
UNASSIGNED: Between 1990 and 2019, age-standardized death rates due to IHD and stroke declined annually by 2.2% (95% confidence intervals: -2.4 to -2.1) and 1.8% (-1.9 to -1.6), respectively. The annual reduction rate in IHD and stroke mortality deaccelerated to -1% (-1.2 to -0.8) during 2000-2019. From 1990 to 2019, the prevalence of hypertension controlled to a systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≤140/90 mmHg increased by 3.2% (3.1 to 3.2) annually. Population hypertension control showed an inverse association with IHD and stroke mortality, respectively, regionwide and in all but 3 out of 36 countries. Regionwide, for every 1% increase in population hypertension control, our data predicted a reduction of 2.9% (-2.94 to -2.85) in IHD deaths per 100 000 population, equivalent to an averted 25 639 deaths (2.5 deaths per 100 000 population) and 2.37% (-2.41 to -2.33) in stroke deaths per 100 000 population, equivalent to an averted 9 650 deaths (1 death per 100 000 population).
UNASSIGNED: There is a strong ecological negative association between IHD and stroke mortality and population hypertension control. Countries with the best performance in hypertension control showed better progress in reducing CVD mortality. Prediction models have implications for hypertension management in most populations in the Region of the Americas and other parts of the world.
UNASSIGNED: Cuantificar la asociación entre la prevalencia de control poblacional de la hipertensión arterial y la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica y accidente cerebrovascular en 36 países de la Región de las Américas entre 1990 y el 2019.
UNASSIGNED: Este estudio ecológico emplea la prevalencia de la hipertensión, la concientización, el tratamiento y el control poblacional de la hipertensión producidos por la Colaboración sobre Factores de Riesgo de las Enfermedades No Transmisibles (NCD-RisC) y estimaciones de mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica y accidente cerebrovascular del Estudio sobre la Carga Mundial de Enfermedad del 2019. Se realizó un análisis de regresión para evaluar las tendencias temporales y la asociación entre el control poblacional de la hipertensión y la mortalidad.
UNASSIGNED: Entre 1990 y el 2019, las tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas por edad a causa de cardiopatía isquémica y accidente cerebrovascular disminuyeron en 2,2% (intervalos de confianza de 95%: –2,4 a –2,1) y 1,8% (–1,9 a – 1,6) anual, respectivamente. La tasa de reducción anual de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica y accidente cerebrovascular se redujo a –1% (–1,2 a –0,8) entre el 2000 y el 2019. Del 1990 al 2019, la prevalencia de hipertensión controlada para una presión arterial sistólica/diastólica de ≤140/90 mmHg aumentó anualmente en 3,2% (3,1 a 3,2). Se observó una relación inversa entre el control poblacional de la hipertensión y la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica y por accidente cerebrovascular, respectivamente, en toda la Región y en los 36 países, a excepción de tres. En toda la Región, por cada aumento de 1% en el control poblacional de la hipertensión, nuestros datos predijeron una reducción de 2,9% (–2,94 a –2,85) en las muertes por cardiopatía isquémica por 100 000 habitantes, equivalente a 25 639 muertes evitables (2,5 muertes por 100 000 habitantes) y de 2,37% (–2,41 a –2,33) en las muertes por accidente cerebrovascular por 100 000 habitantes, equivalente a 9 650 muertes evitables (una muerte por 100 000 habitantes).
UNASSIGNED: Existe una sólida asociación ecológica negativa entre la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica y accidente cerebrovascular y el control poblacional de la hipertensión. Los países con mejor resultado en el control de la hipertensión mostraron un mayor progreso en la reducción de la mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular. Los modelos de predicción tienen implicaciones en el manejo de la hipertensión en la mayoría de los grupos poblacionales de la Región de las Américas y otras partes del mundo.
UNASSIGNED: Quantificar a associação entre a prevalência de controle populacional da hipertensão e mortalidade por doença cardíaca isquêmica (DCI) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em 36 países das Américas, de 1990 a 2019.
UNASSIGNED: Este estudo ecológico utilizou os dados de prevalência da hipertensão e prevalência da detecção, tratamento e controle populacional da hipertensão do estudo NCD-RisC, e de mortalidade por DCI e AVC do Estudo de Carga Global de Doença de 2019. Análise de regressão foi utilizada para avaliar as tendências no tempo e a associação entre controle populacional da hipertensão e mortalidade.
UNASSIGNED: Entre 1990 e 2019, as taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade devidas a DCI e AVC diminuíram anualmente 2,2% (intervalos de confiança de 95%: −2,4 a −2,1) e 1,8% (−1,9 a −1,6), respectivamente. A taxa anual de redução na mortalidade por DCI e AVC desacelerou para −1% (−1,2 a −0,8) durante o período de 2000-2019. De 1990 a 2019, a prevalência de hipertensão controlada com pressão arterial sistólica/diastólica ≤140/90 mmHg apresentou aumento anual de 3,2% (3,1 a 3,2). O controle populacional da hipertensão apresentou associação inversa com mortalidade por DCI e AVC, respectivamente, em toda a região, e em todos os 36 países, com a exceção de três. Em toda a região, para cada 1% de aumento no controle populacional da hipertensão, nossos dados previram uma redução de 2,9% (−2,94 a −2,85) nos óbitos por DCI por 100 000 habitantes, equivalente à prevenção de 25 639 óbitos (2,5 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes), e de 2,37% (−2,41 a −2,33) nos óbitos por AVC por 100 000 habitantes, equivalente à prevenção de 9 650 óbitos (1 óbito por 100 000 habitantes).
UNASSIGNED: Existe forte associação ecológica negativa entre mortalidade por DCI e AVC e controle populacional da hipertensão. Os países com o melhor desempenho no controle da hipertensão mostraram melhor progresso na redução da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares. Os modelos de previsão têm implicações no controle da hipertensão na maioria das populações da Região das Américas e em outras partes do mundo.

Immigrants may be more vulnerable to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than other sub-population groups due to their relatively low socioeconomic status. However, no quantitative studies have examined the relationships between immigrants and COVID-19 health outcomes (confirmed cases and related deaths). We first examined the relationship between total immigrants and COVID-19 health outcomes with spatial Durbin models after controlling for demographic, biophysical and socioeconomic variables. We then repeated the same analysis within multiple subimmigrant groups divided by those with original nativity to examine the differential associations with health outcomes. The result showed that the proportion of all immigrants is negatively associated with the number of confirmed cases and related deaths. At the continent and sub-continent level, we consistently found negative relationships between the number of confirmed cases and the proportion of all sub-immigrant groups. However, we observed mixed associations between the proportion of sub-immigrant groups and the number of deaths. Those counties having a higher prevalence of immigrants from Africa [Eastern Africa: â€\"18.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): â€\"38.3~â€\"2.9; Northern Africa: â€\"146.5, 95% CI: â€\"285.5~â€\"20.1; Middle Africa: â€\"622.6, 95% CI: â€\"801.4~â€\" 464.5] and the Americas (Northern America: â€\"90.5, 95% CI: â€\" 106.1~â€\"73.8; Latin America: â€\"6.8, 95% CI: â€\"8.1~â€\"5.2) mostly had a lower number of deaths, whereas those counties having a higher prevalence of immigrants from Asia (Eastern Asia: 21.0, 95% CI: 7.7~36.2; Western Asia: 42.5, 95% CI: 16.9~68.8; South- Central Asia: 26.6, 95% CI: 15.5~36.9) showed a higher number of deaths. Our results partially support that some immigrants, especially those from Asia, are more vulnerable to COVID-19 than other sub-population groups.

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UNASSIGNED: To describe the life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, disease burden, and leading causes of mortality and disability in adults aged 65 years and older in the Region of the Americas from 1990 to 2019.
UNASSIGNED: We used estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 to examine the level and trends of life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
UNASSIGNED: Across the Region, life expectancy at 65 years increased from 17.1 years (95% uncertainty intervals (UI): 17.0-17.1) in 1990 to 19.2 years (95% UI: 18.9-19.4) in 2019 while healthy life expectancy increased from 12.2 years (95% UI: 10.9-12.4) to 13.6 years (95% UI: 12.2-14.9). All-cause DALY rates decreased in each older persons\' age group; however, absolute proportional DALYs increased from 22% to 32%. Ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the leading causes of premature mortality. Diabetes mellitus, age-related and other hearing loss, and lower back pain were the leading causes of disability.
UNASSIGNED: The increase in life expectancy and decrease of DALYs indicate the positive effect of improvements in social conditions and health policies. However, the smaller increase in healthy life expectancy suggests that, despite living longer, people spend a substantial amount of time in their old age with disability and illness. Preventable and controllable diseases account for most of the disease burden in older adults in the Americas. Society-wide and life-course approaches, and adequate health services are needed to respond to the health needs of older people in the Region.
UNASSIGNED: Describir la esperanza de vida, la esperanza de vida saludable, la carga de enfermedad y las principales causas de mortalidad y discapacidad en personas adultas de 65 años o más en la Región de las Américas desde 1990 hasta el 2019.
UNASSIGNED: Se emplearon estimaciones del estudio sobre la carga mundial de enfermedad del 2019 para examinar las tendencias y el nivel de la esperanza de vida, la esperanza de vida saludable, los años de vida perdidos, los años vividos con discapacidad y los años de vida ajustados en función de la discapacidad (AVAD).
UNASSIGNED: En toda la Región, la esperanza de vida a los 65 años aumentó de 17,1 años (intervalos de incertidumbre [IU] del 95 %: 17,0–17,1) en 1990 a 19,2 años (IU del 95 %: 18,9–19,4) en el 2019, mientras que la esperanza de vida saludable se incrementó de 12,2 años (IU del 95 %: 10,9-12,4) a 13,6 años (IU del 95 %: 12,2–14,9). Las tasas de AVAD debida a cualquier causa disminuyeron en cada grupo etario de mayor edad; sin embargo, los AVAD absolutos proporcionales aumentaron de 22 % a 32 %. La cardiopatía isquémica, los accidentes cerebrovasculares y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica fueron las principales causas de muerte prematura. La diabetes mellitus, la pérdida de la audición relacionada con la edad y de otro tipo, y la lumbalgia fueron las principales causas de discapacidad.
UNASSIGNED: El aumento de la esperanza de vida y la disminución de los AVAD indican el efecto positivo de las mejoras de las condiciones sociales y las políticas de salud. Sin embargo, el menor aumento de la esperanza de vida saludable indica que, a pesar de vivir más tiempo, las personas pasan una parte sustancial de su vejez con discapacidades y enfermedades. Las enfermedades controlables y prevenibles representan la mayor parte de la carga de enfermedad de las personas mayores en la Región. Se requieren enfoques a escala de toda la sociedad y el curso de vida, y servicios de salud adecuados para responder a las necesidades de salud de las personas mayores en la Región.
UNASSIGNED: Descrever a expectativa de vida, a expectativa de vida saudável, a carga de doenças e as principais causas de mortalidade e incapacidade em adultos a partir dos 65 anos de idade na Região das Américas de 1990 a 2019.
UNASSIGNED: Utilizamos estimativas do Estudo de Carga Global da Doença 2019 para examinar o nível e as tendências da expectativa de vida, expectativa de vida saudável, anos de vida perdidos, anos vividos com incapacidade e anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (AVAI).
UNASSIGNED: Em toda a Região, a expectativa de vida aos 65 anos aumentou de 17,1 anos (intervalos de incerteza (II) de 95%: 17,0-17,1) em 1990 para 19,2 anos (II de 95%: 18,9-19,4) em 2019, enquanto a expectativa de vida saudável aumentou de 12,2 anos (II de 95%: 10,9-12,4) para 13,6 anos (II de 95%: 12,2-14,9). As taxas de AVAI por todas as causas diminuiu em todos os grupos de pessoas idosas; porém, em termos absolutos, os AVAI proporcionais aumentaram de 22% para 32%. A cardiopatia isquêmica, o acidente vascular cerebral e a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica foram as principais causas de mortalidade precoce. A diabetes melitus, a perda da audição – em função da idade ou por outros motivos – e a dor lombar foram as principais causas de incapacidade.
UNASSIGNED: O aumento da expectativa de vida e a diminuição dos AVAI indicam o impacto positivo das melhorias nas condições sociais e nas políticas de saúde. Porém, o menor aumento na expectativa de vida saudável indica que, apesar de viverem mais, as pessoas passam uma quantidade considerável de tempo na velhice com incapacidade e doença. As doenças preveníveis e controláveis representam a maior parte da carga de doença nas pessoas idosas nas Américas. Abordagens que afetem a sociedade como um todo e o curso de vida, e serviços de saúde adequados, são necessários para atender às necessidades de saúde das pessoas idosas na Região.

To study how demographic differences impact disease manifestation of sarcoidosis using the WASOG tool in a large multicentric study.
Clinical data regarding 1445 patients with sarcoidosis from 14 clinical sites in 10 countries were prospectively reviewed from Feb 1, 2020 to Sep 30, 2020. Organ involvement was evaluated for the whole group and for subgroups differentiated by sex, race, and age.
The median age of the patients at diagnosis was 46 years old; 60.8% of the patients were female. The most commonly involved organ was lung (96%), followed by skin (24%) and eye (22%). Black patients had more multiple organ involvement than White patients (OR = 3.227, 95% CI: 2.243-4.643) and females had more multiple organ involvement than males (OR = 1.238, 95% CI: 1.083-1.415). Black patients had more frequent involvement of neurologic, skin, eye, extra thoracic lymph node, liver and spleen than White and Asian patients. Women were more likely to have eye (OR = 1.522, 95%CI: 1.259-1.838) or skin involvement (OR = 1.369, 95%CI: 1.152-1.628). Men were more likely to have cardiac involvement (OR = 1.326, 95%CI: 1.096-1.605). A total of 262 (18.1%) patients did not receive systemic treatment for sarcoidosis. Therapy was more common in Black patients than in other races.
The initial presentation and treatment of sarcoidosis was related to sex, race, and age. Black and female individuals are found to have multiple organ involvement more frequently. Age at diagnosis<45, Black patients and multiple organ involvement were independent predictors of treatment.