In the early twenty-first century, extensive research has been conducted on geckos\' ability to climb vertical walls with the advancement of microscopy technology. Unprecedented studies and developments have focused on the adhesion mechanism, structural design, preparation methods, and applications of bioinspired dry adhesives. Notably, strong adhesion that adheres to both the principles of contact splitting and stress uniform distribution has been discovered and proposed. The increasing popularity of flexible electronic skins, soft crawling robots, and smart assembly systems has made switchable adhesion properties essential for smart adhesives. These adhesives are designed to be programmable and switchable in response to external stimuli such as magnetic fields, thermal changes, electrical signals, light exposure as well as mechanical processes. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the development history of bioinspired dry adhesives from achieving strong adhesion to realizing switchable adhesion.

With the increment in global energy consumption and severe environmental pollution, it is urgently needed to explore green and sustainable materials. Inspired by nature, catechol groups in mussel adhesion proteins have been successively understood and utilized as novel biomimetic materials. In parallel, cellulose presents a wide class of functional materials rating from macro-scale to nano-scale components. The cross-over among both research fields alters the introduction of impressive materials with potential engineering properties, where catechol-containing materials supply a general stage for the functionalization of cellulose or cellulose derivatives. In this review, the role of catechol groups in the modification of cellulose and cellulose derivatives is discussed. A broad variety of advanced applications of cellulose-based catechol-containing materials, including adhesives, hydrogels, aerogels, membranes, textiles, pulp and papermaking, composites, are presented. Furthermore, some critical remaining challenges and opportunities are studied to mount the way toward the rational purpose and applications of cellulose-based catechol-containing materials.

Nanocellulose-based tissue adhesives show promise for achieving rapid hemostasis and effective wound healing. Conventional methods, such as sutures and staples, have limitations, prompting the exploration of bioadhesives for direct wound adhesion and minimal tissue damage. Nanocellulose, a hydrolysis product of cellulose, exhibits superior biocompatibility and multifunctional properties, gaining interest as a base material for bioadhesive development. This study explores the potential of nanocellulose-based adhesives for hemostasis and wound healing using 3D printing techniques. Nanocellulose enables the creation of biodegradable adhesives with minimal adverse effects and opens avenues for advanced wound healing and complex tissue regeneration, such as skin, blood vessels, lungs, cartilage, and muscle. This study reviews recent trends in various nanocellulose-based 3D printed hydrogel patches for tissue engineering applications. The review also introduces various types of nanocellulose and their synthesis, surface modification, and bioadhesive fabrication techniques via 3D printing for smart wound healing.

OBJECTIVE: Bone conduction hearing implants are a well-established method of hearing rehabilitation in children and adults. This study aimed to review any changes in provision in England.
METHODS: The total number of bone conduction hearing implantations performed was analysed from 2012 to 2021 utilising Hospital Episode Statistics data for England.
RESULTS: The total number of procedures has increased by 58 per cent. One-stage bone conduction hearing implantations in adults accounts for the largest proportion of this increase (93 per cent of the total). The number performed in children has remained stable and accounts for 73 per cent (n = 433) of all two-stage procedures.
CONCLUSIONS: The data show that bone conduction hearing implant surgery is becoming increasingly popular, particularly in adults. This has correlated with the increase in availability, national recommendations and choice of devices.

Craniotomy, an essential neurosurgical operation, poses distinct difficulties in the realm of post-operative care, specifically with regard to the management of wounds. Efficient wound management is critical in order to optimize the surgical outcomes, reduce complications and facilitate a speedier recovery. The purpose of this comprehensive review was to assess contemporary wound management approaches as they pertain to improved recovery following craniotomy. This was achieved by contrasting conventional methods with more recent and innovative techniques and analysing the effects of these approaches on patient recovery and surgical results. An exhaustive literature search was undertaken, comprising narrative reviews, clinical studies, peer-reviewed articles and expert opinions. The emphasis was on the evolution of wound management strategies and techniques utilized after cranial section, as well as their contributions to patient recovery. The analysis reveals that while conventional wound management methods, including suturing and antiseptics, continue to be essential, innovative strategies such as negative pressure wound therapy, skin adhesives and advanced pain management protocols are becoming increasingly recognized. It has been demonstrated that these novel approaches improve recovery by decreasing the incidence of infections, enhancing patient comfort and producing superior cosmetic results. Nevertheless, obstacles continue to endure, including patient-specific variables, technological and financial considerations and the enduring consequences of recovery. Thus the treatment of wounds during craniotomy recuperation necessitates an integrated strategy that incorporates conventional techniques alongside contemporary advancements. Progress in this domain necessitates the customization of approaches to suit the unique requirements of each patient, the resolution of identified obstacles and an emphasis on ongoing investigation and interdisciplinary cooperation. The ever-changing terrain of wound management approaches underscores the ever-changing character of neurosurgical treatment and the continuous endeavour to enhance patient results following cranial resection.

Introduction: In this systematic review the topical hemostatic properties of Cyanoacrylate Adhesives (CA) have been studied. Material and Method: Four major scientific databases (Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) were inquired, retrieving reviews and meta-analysis studies, clinical trials, experimental studies, and case reports that presented data regarding topical hemostasis and CA. English written articles, published in the last 10 years were collected. The last search was performed on the 1st of August 2023. Risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using study-design specific, evidence-based tools. Results: A summary focused on relevant information of all included studies was drafted and the results of the studies have been synthetized and compared. A total of 42 studies have been included in the review (14 reviews and meta-analysis, 11 clinical trials, 9 experimental studies and 8 case reports). CA exhibited important topical hemostatic capabilities, comparable with other performant hemostatic materials. Although most included studies concluded that CA were potent topical hemostatic agents, the high level of heterogeneity among the studies prevented us from performing a meta-analysis. Conclusion: The results of this review show that CA-based compounds represent an important line of research towards the perfect hemostatic material.

Wound dressings act as a physical barrier between the wound site and the external environment, preventing additional harm; choosing suitable wound dressings is essential for the healing process. Polysaccharide biopolymers have demonstrated encouraging findings and therapeutic prospects in recent decades about wound therapy. Additionally, polysaccharides have bioactive qualities like anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant capabilities that can help the process of healing. Due to their excellent tissue adhesion, swelling, water absorption, bactericidal, and immune-regulating properties, polysaccharide-based bio-adhesive films have recently been investigated as intriguing alternatives in wound management. These films also mimic the structure of the skin and stimulate the regeneration of the skin. This review presented several design standards and functions of suitable bio-adhesive films for the healing of wounds. Additionally, the most recent developments in the use of bio-adhesive films as wound dressings based on polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dextran, alginate, chitosan, cellulose, konjac glucomannan, gellan gum, xanthan gum, pectin, guar gum, heparin, arabinogalactans, carrageen, and tragacanth gum, are thoroughly discussed. Lastly, to create a road map for the function of polysaccharide-based bio-adhesive films in advanced wound care, their clinical performances and future challenges in making bio-adhesive films by three-dimensional bioprinting are summarized.

Chitosan has been commonly used as an adhesive dressing material due to its excellent biocompatibility, degradability, and renewability. Tissue adhesives are outstanding among wound dressings because they can close the wound, absorb excess tissue exudate from the wound site, provide a moist environment, and act as a carrier for loading various bioactive molecules. They have been widely used in both preclinical and clinical treatment of skin wounds. This review summarizes recent research progresses in the application of chitosan and its derivatives for tissue adhesives. We also introduce their biomedical effects on wound adhesion, contamination isolation, antibacterial, immune regulation, and wound healing, and the strategies to achieve these functions when used as wound dressings. Finally, challenges and future perspectives of chitosan-based tissue adhesives are discussed for wound healing.

This systematic review and network meta-analysis is aimed at investigating the effect of common surface treatments on the long-term repair bond strength of aged resin composite restorations and to rank and compare these surface treatments. In vitro studies evaluating the methacrylate-based resin composites subjected to rigorous aging protocols before and after being repaired with a new composite were included. A frequentist network meta-analysis was carried out using a random effects model. P scores were used to rank the efficacy of the surface treatments. Also, the global and node-split inconsistencies were evaluated. Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched until July 07, 2022. Twenty-six studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that the application of silane and a total-etch (shear MD 32.35 MPa, 95% CI: 18.25 to 46.40, P score 0.95; tensile MD 33.25 MPa, 95% CI: 25.07 to 41.44; P score 0.77) or a self-etch (shear MD 38.87 MPa, 95% CI: 21.60 to 56.14, P score 0.99; tensile MD 32.52 MPa, 95% CI: 23.74 to 41.29; P score 0.73) adhesion protocol subsequent to the roughening with diamond bur produced the highest (micro)tensile and (micro)shear bond strengths compared to diamond bur alone as the control group. There was no difference between self- and total-etch adhesive protocols. Mechanical surface treatments yielded greater bond strength when used alongside the chemical adhesive agents. Further, it is possible to achieve acceptable repair bond strength using common dental clinic equipment. Therefore, clinicians could consider repairing old resin composites rather than replacing them.

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the influence of laser treatment on adhesive bonding of liners to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resins. Methods: The focused question was: \"Does the application of laser treatment (Intervention) influence the adhesive bonding strength (Outcome) of liners to PMMA denture base resins (Population) as compared with untreated or unconditioned surfaces (Control)?\" In vitro and clinical reports as well as reports on influence of laser treatments on bonding strength of liners to PMMA denture resins in comparison with untreated surfaces were included. Reports without any control group[s], without any application of laser[s] for PMMA denture bases that did not utilize PMMA denture bases, and not evaluate bond strength of PMMA denture base resins were excluded. An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Meta-analyses were performed for calculating the standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Nine of the 12 included studies found that laser irradiation treatment produced significant surface texture alterations of the PMMA denture base and improved the adhesion between the PMMA denture base and soft lining. According to the meta-analysis, tensile bond strength showed an SMD of -2.49% (95% CI: -3.89 to -1.08; p = 0.0005), suggesting a statistically significant difference between the control and test groups (i.e., favoring laser-treated samples than untreated samples). Regarding shear bond strength scores, the outcomes showed an SMD of -2.24% (95% CI: -3.79 to -0.69; p = 0.005), suggesting a statistically significant difference between the control and test groups (i.e., favoring laser-treated samples than untreated samples). Conclusions: Despite the high heterogeneity among the included studies, it can be concluded that laser treatment might improve the bonding strengths of liners to PMMA denture base resins as compared with untreated surfaces. To validate the aforementioned conclusions, further verification is required through the implementation of well-designed randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes.