PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Sports supplements (SSs) are widely used among team sport athletes; however, evidence supporting the use of SSs among football referees at the elite level is scarce. The aim of the present study was to analyze the consumption of SSs among referees with respect to their level of competition and referee type (main referees (MRs) vs. assistant referees (ARs)).
METHODS: A total of 106 football referees participated in this study, with 46.2% from the First Spanish Division and 53.8% from the Second Spanish Division, representing 84.13% of the total number of referees. Each participant completed a validated questionnaire about SS consumption, with the SSs classified according to the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) ABCD system: Group A has strong evidence for enhancing athlete health and performance, Group B shows potential benefits but needs more evidence, Group C has inconclusive evidence against use, and Group D includes prohibited substances.
RESULTS: A total of 84.0% of the MRs and ARs reported the consumption of at least one SS. Differences were found only in the consumption of medical supplements between division (p = 0.016) and type of referee (p = 0.041), though no significant differences were found among the remaining AIS SS categories (p > 0.05). Sport performance (49.6%), Internet (41.0%), and dietitian-nutritionists (31.7%) were the primary reason for SS consumption, purchase location, and source of information, respectively. The most frequently consumed SS were whey protein (45.3%), followed by creatine (33.0%), sport bars and sports drinks (28.3%), and caffeine (19.8%).
CONCLUSIONS: MRs and ARs reported a high prevalence of dietary supplement (SS) consumption, with significant differences between division and referee type observed only in medical supplement consumption.
METHODS: A total of 106 football referees participated in this study, with 46.2% from the First Spanish Division and 53.8% from the Second Spanish Division, representing 84.13% of the total number of referees. Each participant completed a validated questionnaire about SS consumption, with the SSs classified according to the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) ABCD system: Group A has strong evidence for enhancing athlete health and performance, Group B shows potential benefits but needs more evidence, Group C has inconclusive evidence against use, and Group D includes prohibited substances.
RESULTS: A total of 84.0% of the MRs and ARs reported the consumption of at least one SS. Differences were found only in the consumption of medical supplements between division (p = 0.016) and type of referee (p = 0.041), though no significant differences were found among the remaining AIS SS categories (p > 0.05). Sport performance (49.6%), Internet (41.0%), and dietitian-nutritionists (31.7%) were the primary reason for SS consumption, purchase location, and source of information, respectively. The most frequently consumed SS were whey protein (45.3%), followed by creatine (33.0%), sport bars and sports drinks (28.3%), and caffeine (19.8%).
CONCLUSIONS: MRs and ARs reported a high prevalence of dietary supplement (SS) consumption, with significant differences between division and referee type observed only in medical supplement consumption.
摘要：
背景：运动补充剂（SS）在团队运动运动员中广泛使用；但是，支持在精英级别的足球裁判中使用SS的证据很少。本研究的目的是分析裁判员在比赛水平和裁判员类型（主要裁判员（MR）与助理裁判（AR））。
方法：共有106名足球裁判参加了这项研究，西班牙第一师46.2%，西班牙第二师53.8%，占裁判总数的84.13%。每位参与者填写了一份关于SS消费的有效问卷，根据澳大利亚体育学院（AIS）ABCD系统对SS进行分类：A组具有增强运动员健康和表现的有力证据，B组显示出潜在的好处，但需要更多的证据，C组有不确定的使用证据，D组包括违禁物质。
结果：共有84.0%的MR和AR报告了至少一种SS的消耗。仅在分区（p=0.016）和裁判类型（p=0.041）之间的医疗补充剂消费方面存在差异，尽管其余AISSS类别之间没有发现显着差异（p>0.05）。运动性能（49.6%），互联网（41.0%），营养师和营养学家(31.7%)是SS消费的主要原因，购买地点,和信息来源，分别。最常食用的SS是乳清蛋白（45.3％），其次是肌酸(33.0%)，运动酒吧和运动饮料(28.3%)，和咖啡因(19.8%)。
结论：MRs和ARs报告了膳食补充剂（SS）消费的高患病率，仅在医疗补充剂消费中观察到分区和裁判类型之间的显着差异。
方法：共有106名足球裁判参加了这项研究，西班牙第一师46.2%，西班牙第二师53.8%，占裁判总数的84.13%。每位参与者填写了一份关于SS消费的有效问卷，根据澳大利亚体育学院（AIS）ABCD系统对SS进行分类：A组具有增强运动员健康和表现的有力证据，B组显示出潜在的好处，但需要更多的证据，C组有不确定的使用证据，D组包括违禁物质。
结果：共有84.0%的MR和AR报告了至少一种SS的消耗。仅在分区（p=0.016）和裁判类型（p=0.041）之间的医疗补充剂消费方面存在差异，尽管其余AISSS类别之间没有发现显着差异（p>0.05）。运动性能（49.6%），互联网（41.0%），营养师和营养学家(31.7%)是SS消费的主要原因，购买地点,和信息来源，分别。最常食用的SS是乳清蛋白（45.3％），其次是肌酸(33.0%)，运动酒吧和运动饮料(28.3%)，和咖啡因(19.8%)。
结论：MRs和ARs报告了膳食补充剂（SS）消费的高患病率，仅在医疗补充剂消费中观察到分区和裁判类型之间的显着差异。
