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Abstract：
In 2021, approximately 75,000 persons died of violence-related injuries in the United States. This report summarizes data from CDC\'s National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) on violent deaths that occurred in 48 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in 2021. Results are reported by sex, age group, race and ethnicity, method of injury, type of location where the injury occurred, circumstances of injury, and other selected characteristics. This report introduces additional incident and circumstance variables, which now include child victim-specific circumstance information. This report also incorporates new U.S. Census Bureau race and ethnicity categories, which now account for more than one race and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander categories and include updated denominators to calculate rates for these populations.
2021.
NVDRS collects data regarding violent deaths from death certificates, coroner and medical examiner records, and law enforcement reports. This report includes data collected for violent deaths that occurred in 2021. Data were collected from 48 states (all states with exception of Florida and Hawaii), the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Forty-six states had statewide data, two additional states had data from counties representing a subset of their population (31 California counties, representing 64% of its population, and 13 Texas counties, representing 63% of its population), and the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico had jurisdiction-wide data. NVDRS collates information for each violent death and links deaths that are related (e.g., multiple homicides, homicide followed by suicide, or multiple suicides) into a single incident.
For 2021, NVDRS collected information on 68,866 fatal incidents involving 70,688 deaths that occurred in 48 states (46 states collecting statewide data, 31 California counties, and 13 Texas counties), and the District of Columbia. The deaths captured in NVDRS accounted for 86.5% of all homicides, legal intervention deaths, suicides, unintentional firearm injury deaths, and deaths of undetermined intent in the United States in 2021. In addition, information was collected for 816 fatal incidents involving 880 deaths in Puerto Rico. Data for Puerto Rico were analyzed separately. Of the 70,688 deaths, the majority (58.2%) were suicides, followed by homicides (31.5%), deaths of undetermined intent that might be due to violence (8.2%), legal intervention deaths (1.3%) (i.e., deaths caused by law enforcement and other persons with legal authority to use deadly force acting in the line of duty, excluding legal executions), and unintentional firearm injury deaths (<1.0%). The term \"legal intervention\" is a classification incorporated into the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, and does not denote the lawfulness or legality of the circumstances surrounding a death caused by law enforcement.Demographic patterns and circumstances varied by manner of death. The suicide rate was higher for males than for females. Across all age groups, the suicide rate was highest among adults aged ≥85 years. In addition, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons had the highest suicide rates among all racial and ethnic groups. Among both males and females, the most common method of injury for suicide was a firearm. Among all suicide victims, when circumstances were known (84.4%), suicide was most often preceded by a mental health, intimate partner, or physical health problem or by a recent or impending crisis during the previous or upcoming 2 weeks. The homicide rate was higher for males than for females. Among all homicide victims, the homicide rate was highest among persons aged 20-24 years compared with other age groups. Non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) males experienced the highest homicide rate of any racial or ethnic group. Among all homicide victims, the most common method of injury was a firearm. When the relationship between a homicide victim and a suspect was known, the suspect was most frequently an acquaintance or friend for male victims and a current or former intimate partner for female victims. Homicide most often was precipitated by an argument or conflict, occurred in conjunction with another crime, or, for female victims, was related to intimate partner violence. Nearly all victims of legal intervention deaths were male, and the legal intervention death rate was highest among men aged 30-34 years. The legal intervention death rate was highest among AI/AN males, followed by Black males. A firearm was used in the majority of legal intervention deaths. When circumstances were known, the most frequent circumstances reported for legal intervention deaths were as follows: the victim used a weapon in the incident and the victim had a substance use problem (other than alcohol use). Other causes of death included unintentional firearm injury deaths and deaths of undetermined intent. Unintentional firearm injury deaths were most frequently experienced by males, non-Hispanic White (White) persons, and persons aged 15-24 years. These deaths most frequently occurred while the shooter was playing with a firearm and were precipitated by a person unintentionally pulling the trigger. The rate of deaths of undetermined intent was highest among males, particularly among AI/AN and Black males, and among adults aged 30-54 years. Poisoning was the most common method of injury in deaths of undetermined intent, and opioids were detected in nearly 80% of decedents tested for those substances.
This report provides a detailed summary of data from NVDRS on violent deaths that occurred in 2021. The suicide rate was highest among AI/AN and White males, whereas the homicide rate was highest among Black males. Intimate partner violence precipitated a large proportion of homicides for females. Mental health problems, intimate partner problems, interpersonal conflicts, and acute life stressors were primary precipitating circumstances for multiple types of deaths examined.
Violence is preventable, and data can guide public health action. NVDRS data are used to monitor the occurrence of violence-related fatal injuries and assist public health authorities in developing, implementing, and evaluating programs, policies, and practices to reduce and prevent violent deaths. NVDRS data can be used to enhance prevention efforts into actionable strategies. States or jurisdictions have used their Violent Death Reporting System (VDRS) data to guide suicide prevention efforts and highlight where additional focus is needed. For example, North Carolina VDRS program data have played a significant role in expanding activities related to firearm safety and injury prevention. The program served as a primary data source for partners, which led to the creation of the Office of Violence Prevention in the state, focusing on combatting firearm-related deaths. In Maine, the VDRS provided data on law enforcement officer suicides that were used to help support a bill mandating mental health resiliency and awareness training in the state\'s law enforcement training academy, along with plans for similar training addressing mental health, substance use, and alcohol problems among corrections officers. In addition, states and jurisdictions have also used their VDRS data to examine factors related to homicide in their state or jurisdiction. For example, Georgia VDRS collaborated with the City of Atlanta Mayor\'s Office of Violence Reduction to develop two public dashboards that not only offer comprehensive data on violent deaths but also present data on the geographic distribution of populations disproportionately affected by violence to help inform violence prevention interventions.
2021.
NVDRS collects data regarding violent deaths from death certificates, coroner and medical examiner records, and law enforcement reports. This report includes data collected for violent deaths that occurred in 2021. Data were collected from 48 states (all states with exception of Florida and Hawaii), the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Forty-six states had statewide data, two additional states had data from counties representing a subset of their population (31 California counties, representing 64% of its population, and 13 Texas counties, representing 63% of its population), and the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico had jurisdiction-wide data. NVDRS collates information for each violent death and links deaths that are related (e.g., multiple homicides, homicide followed by suicide, or multiple suicides) into a single incident.
For 2021, NVDRS collected information on 68,866 fatal incidents involving 70,688 deaths that occurred in 48 states (46 states collecting statewide data, 31 California counties, and 13 Texas counties), and the District of Columbia. The deaths captured in NVDRS accounted for 86.5% of all homicides, legal intervention deaths, suicides, unintentional firearm injury deaths, and deaths of undetermined intent in the United States in 2021. In addition, information was collected for 816 fatal incidents involving 880 deaths in Puerto Rico. Data for Puerto Rico were analyzed separately. Of the 70,688 deaths, the majority (58.2%) were suicides, followed by homicides (31.5%), deaths of undetermined intent that might be due to violence (8.2%), legal intervention deaths (1.3%) (i.e., deaths caused by law enforcement and other persons with legal authority to use deadly force acting in the line of duty, excluding legal executions), and unintentional firearm injury deaths (<1.0%). The term \"legal intervention\" is a classification incorporated into the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, and does not denote the lawfulness or legality of the circumstances surrounding a death caused by law enforcement.Demographic patterns and circumstances varied by manner of death. The suicide rate was higher for males than for females. Across all age groups, the suicide rate was highest among adults aged ≥85 years. In addition, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons had the highest suicide rates among all racial and ethnic groups. Among both males and females, the most common method of injury for suicide was a firearm. Among all suicide victims, when circumstances were known (84.4%), suicide was most often preceded by a mental health, intimate partner, or physical health problem or by a recent or impending crisis during the previous or upcoming 2 weeks. The homicide rate was higher for males than for females. Among all homicide victims, the homicide rate was highest among persons aged 20-24 years compared with other age groups. Non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) males experienced the highest homicide rate of any racial or ethnic group. Among all homicide victims, the most common method of injury was a firearm. When the relationship between a homicide victim and a suspect was known, the suspect was most frequently an acquaintance or friend for male victims and a current or former intimate partner for female victims. Homicide most often was precipitated by an argument or conflict, occurred in conjunction with another crime, or, for female victims, was related to intimate partner violence. Nearly all victims of legal intervention deaths were male, and the legal intervention death rate was highest among men aged 30-34 years. The legal intervention death rate was highest among AI/AN males, followed by Black males. A firearm was used in the majority of legal intervention deaths. When circumstances were known, the most frequent circumstances reported for legal intervention deaths were as follows: the victim used a weapon in the incident and the victim had a substance use problem (other than alcohol use). Other causes of death included unintentional firearm injury deaths and deaths of undetermined intent. Unintentional firearm injury deaths were most frequently experienced by males, non-Hispanic White (White) persons, and persons aged 15-24 years. These deaths most frequently occurred while the shooter was playing with a firearm and were precipitated by a person unintentionally pulling the trigger. The rate of deaths of undetermined intent was highest among males, particularly among AI/AN and Black males, and among adults aged 30-54 years. Poisoning was the most common method of injury in deaths of undetermined intent, and opioids were detected in nearly 80% of decedents tested for those substances.
This report provides a detailed summary of data from NVDRS on violent deaths that occurred in 2021. The suicide rate was highest among AI/AN and White males, whereas the homicide rate was highest among Black males. Intimate partner violence precipitated a large proportion of homicides for females. Mental health problems, intimate partner problems, interpersonal conflicts, and acute life stressors were primary precipitating circumstances for multiple types of deaths examined.
Violence is preventable, and data can guide public health action. NVDRS data are used to monitor the occurrence of violence-related fatal injuries and assist public health authorities in developing, implementing, and evaluating programs, policies, and practices to reduce and prevent violent deaths. NVDRS data can be used to enhance prevention efforts into actionable strategies. States or jurisdictions have used their Violent Death Reporting System (VDRS) data to guide suicide prevention efforts and highlight where additional focus is needed. For example, North Carolina VDRS program data have played a significant role in expanding activities related to firearm safety and injury prevention. The program served as a primary data source for partners, which led to the creation of the Office of Violence Prevention in the state, focusing on combatting firearm-related deaths. In Maine, the VDRS provided data on law enforcement officer suicides that were used to help support a bill mandating mental health resiliency and awareness training in the state\'s law enforcement training academy, along with plans for similar training addressing mental health, substance use, and alcohol problems among corrections officers. In addition, states and jurisdictions have also used their VDRS data to examine factors related to homicide in their state or jurisdiction. For example, Georgia VDRS collaborated with the City of Atlanta Mayor\'s Office of Violence Reduction to develop two public dashboards that not only offer comprehensive data on violent deaths but also present data on the geographic distribution of populations disproportionately affected by violence to help inform violence prevention interventions.
摘要：
■2021年，美国约有75,000人死于与暴力有关的伤害。本报告总结了CDC的国家暴力死亡报告系统（NVDRS）在48个州发生的暴力死亡数据，哥伦比亚特区,和2021年的波多黎各。结果按性别报告，年龄组,种族和民族,伤害方法,受伤发生的位置类型，受伤的情况,和其他选定的特征。本报告介绍了其他事件和环境变量，现在包括儿童受害者的具体情况信息。这份报告还纳入了美国人口普查局新的种族和种族类别，现在占多个种族和夏威夷原住民或其他太平洋岛民类别，并包括更新的分母来计算这些人口的比率。
■2021年。
■NVDRS从死亡证明中收集有关暴力死亡的数据，验尸官和法医记录,和执法报告。该报告包括2021年发生的暴力死亡数据。数据来自48个州（除佛罗里达州和夏威夷以外的所有州），哥伦比亚特区,波多黎各。46个州有全州数据,另外两个州的数据来自代表其人口子集的县(31个加州县，占其人口的64%，和德克萨斯州的13个县，占其人口的63%)，哥伦比亚特区和波多黎各拥有全辖区的数据。NVDRS整理每个暴力死亡的信息，并链接相关的死亡(例如，多起凶杀案,然后是自杀,或多次自杀)成一个事件。
■到2021年，NVDRS收集了有关68,866起致命事件的信息，涉及48个州的70,688人死亡（46个州收集全州数据，加州31个县，和德克萨斯州的13个县)，还有哥伦比亚特区.在NVDRS中捕获的死亡人数占所有凶杀案的86.5％，法律干预死亡，自杀,意外枪伤死亡,和2021年美国未定意图死亡。此外,收集了波多黎各816起致命事件的信息,涉及880人死亡.分别分析了波多黎各的数据。在70,688例死亡中，大多数(58.2%)是自杀，其次是凶杀案(31.5%),可能因暴力而导致的未定意图死亡（8.2%），法律干预死亡（1.3%）（即执法人员和其他有权使用致命武力执行职务的人造成的死亡，不包括法律处决)，意外枪支伤害死亡（<1.0％）。“法律干预”一词是国际疾病分类中的一种分类，第十次修订,并不表示执法造成的死亡情况的合法性或合法性。人口模式和环境因死亡方式而异。男性的自杀率高于女性。在所有年龄组中，在≥85岁的成年人中自杀率最高.此外,非西班牙裔美国印第安人或阿拉斯加原住民（AI/AN）的人在所有种族和族裔群体中自杀率最高。在男性和女性中，最常见的自杀伤害方法是枪支。在所有自杀受害者中，当情况已知时(84.4%)，自杀之前最常见的是心理健康，亲密伴侣,或身体健康问题，或在过去或即将到来的2周内最近或即将发生的危机。男性的凶杀率高于女性。在所有凶杀受害者中，与其他年龄组相比，20-24岁人群的凶杀率最高。非西班牙裔黑人或非裔美国人（黑人）男性在任何种族或族裔群体中的凶杀率最高。在所有凶杀受害者中，最常见的伤害方法是枪支。当知道凶杀案受害者和嫌疑人之间的关系时，犯罪嫌疑人通常是男性受害者的熟人或朋友，以及女性受害者的现任或前任亲密伴侣。杀人通常是由争论或冲突引发的，与另一起犯罪发生的，或者，对于女性受害者来说,与亲密伴侣暴力有关。几乎所有法律干预死亡的受害者都是男性，30-34岁男性的法律干预死亡率最高。法律干预死亡率在AI/AN男性中最高，其次是黑人男性。在大多数法律干预死亡中使用了枪支。当情况已知时，据报道，法律干预死亡的最常见情况如下:受害者在事件中使用了武器，受害者有药物使用问题(酒精使用除外)。其他死亡原因包括无意枪支伤害死亡和未确定意图死亡。男性最常见的意外枪支伤害死亡，非西班牙裔白人，和15-24岁的人。这些死亡最常发生在射手玩枪支时，并被一个人无意中拉动扳机而引起。不确定意图的死亡率在男性中最高，特别是在AI/AN和黑人男性中，以及30-54岁的成年人。中毒是意图不明的死亡中最常见的伤害方法，在接受这些物质测试的近80%的死者中检测到阿片类药物。
■本报告提供了NVDRS关于2021年发生的暴力死亡的数据的详细摘要。自杀率在AI/AN和白人男性中最高，而黑人男性的凶杀率最高。亲密伴侣暴力引发了很大一部分女性杀人事件。心理健康问题,亲密伴侣的问题，人际冲突,和急性生活压力源是检查的多种类型死亡的主要诱因。
■暴力是可以预防的，数据可以指导公共卫生行动。NVDRS数据用于监测与暴力有关的致命伤害的发生，并协助公共卫生当局制定，实施，和评估项目，政策,以及减少和预防暴力死亡的做法。NVDRS数据可用于将预防工作增强为可操作的策略。各州或辖区已使用其暴力死亡报告系统（VDRS）数据来指导自杀预防工作，并强调需要进一步关注的地方。例如,北卡罗莱纳州VDRS计划数据在扩大与枪支安全和伤害预防有关的活动方面发挥了重要作用。该程序作为合作伙伴的主要数据源，这导致了该州预防暴力办公室的成立，专注于打击与枪支有关的死亡。在缅因州,VDRS提供了有关执法人员自杀的数据，这些数据用于帮助支持一项法案，该法案要求在该州的执法培训学院进行心理健康弹性和意识培训，以及针对心理健康的类似培训计划，物质使用,惩教人员中的酒精问题。此外,州和司法管辖区也使用其VDRS数据来检查与其州或司法管辖区的凶杀有关的因素。例如,佐治亚州VDRS与亚特兰大市长减少暴力办公室合作，开发了两个公共仪表板，不仅提供有关暴力死亡的全面数据，而且还提供有关受暴力影响严重的人口地理分布的数据，以帮助为预防暴力干预措施提供信息。
■2021年。
■NVDRS从死亡证明中收集有关暴力死亡的数据，验尸官和法医记录,和执法报告。该报告包括2021年发生的暴力死亡数据。数据来自48个州（除佛罗里达州和夏威夷以外的所有州），哥伦比亚特区,波多黎各。46个州有全州数据,另外两个州的数据来自代表其人口子集的县(31个加州县，占其人口的64%，和德克萨斯州的13个县，占其人口的63%)，哥伦比亚特区和波多黎各拥有全辖区的数据。NVDRS整理每个暴力死亡的信息，并链接相关的死亡(例如，多起凶杀案,然后是自杀,或多次自杀)成一个事件。
■到2021年，NVDRS收集了有关68,866起致命事件的信息，涉及48个州的70,688人死亡（46个州收集全州数据，加州31个县，和德克萨斯州的13个县)，还有哥伦比亚特区.在NVDRS中捕获的死亡人数占所有凶杀案的86.5％，法律干预死亡，自杀,意外枪伤死亡,和2021年美国未定意图死亡。此外,收集了波多黎各816起致命事件的信息,涉及880人死亡.分别分析了波多黎各的数据。在70,688例死亡中，大多数(58.2%)是自杀，其次是凶杀案(31.5%),可能因暴力而导致的未定意图死亡（8.2%），法律干预死亡（1.3%）（即执法人员和其他有权使用致命武力执行职务的人造成的死亡，不包括法律处决)，意外枪支伤害死亡（<1.0％）。“法律干预”一词是国际疾病分类中的一种分类，第十次修订,并不表示执法造成的死亡情况的合法性或合法性。人口模式和环境因死亡方式而异。男性的自杀率高于女性。在所有年龄组中，在≥85岁的成年人中自杀率最高.此外,非西班牙裔美国印第安人或阿拉斯加原住民（AI/AN）的人在所有种族和族裔群体中自杀率最高。在男性和女性中，最常见的自杀伤害方法是枪支。在所有自杀受害者中，当情况已知时(84.4%)，自杀之前最常见的是心理健康，亲密伴侣,或身体健康问题，或在过去或即将到来的2周内最近或即将发生的危机。男性的凶杀率高于女性。在所有凶杀受害者中，与其他年龄组相比，20-24岁人群的凶杀率最高。非西班牙裔黑人或非裔美国人（黑人）男性在任何种族或族裔群体中的凶杀率最高。在所有凶杀受害者中，最常见的伤害方法是枪支。当知道凶杀案受害者和嫌疑人之间的关系时，犯罪嫌疑人通常是男性受害者的熟人或朋友，以及女性受害者的现任或前任亲密伴侣。杀人通常是由争论或冲突引发的，与另一起犯罪发生的，或者，对于女性受害者来说,与亲密伴侣暴力有关。几乎所有法律干预死亡的受害者都是男性，30-34岁男性的法律干预死亡率最高。法律干预死亡率在AI/AN男性中最高，其次是黑人男性。在大多数法律干预死亡中使用了枪支。当情况已知时，据报道，法律干预死亡的最常见情况如下:受害者在事件中使用了武器，受害者有药物使用问题(酒精使用除外)。其他死亡原因包括无意枪支伤害死亡和未确定意图死亡。男性最常见的意外枪支伤害死亡，非西班牙裔白人，和15-24岁的人。这些死亡最常发生在射手玩枪支时，并被一个人无意中拉动扳机而引起。不确定意图的死亡率在男性中最高，特别是在AI/AN和黑人男性中，以及30-54岁的成年人。中毒是意图不明的死亡中最常见的伤害方法，在接受这些物质测试的近80%的死者中检测到阿片类药物。
■本报告提供了NVDRS关于2021年发生的暴力死亡的数据的详细摘要。自杀率在AI/AN和白人男性中最高，而黑人男性的凶杀率最高。亲密伴侣暴力引发了很大一部分女性杀人事件。心理健康问题,亲密伴侣的问题，人际冲突,和急性生活压力源是检查的多种类型死亡的主要诱因。
■暴力是可以预防的，数据可以指导公共卫生行动。NVDRS数据用于监测与暴力有关的致命伤害的发生，并协助公共卫生当局制定，实施，和评估项目，政策,以及减少和预防暴力死亡的做法。NVDRS数据可用于将预防工作增强为可操作的策略。各州或辖区已使用其暴力死亡报告系统（VDRS）数据来指导自杀预防工作，并强调需要进一步关注的地方。例如,北卡罗莱纳州VDRS计划数据在扩大与枪支安全和伤害预防有关的活动方面发挥了重要作用。该程序作为合作伙伴的主要数据源，这导致了该州预防暴力办公室的成立，专注于打击与枪支有关的死亡。在缅因州,VDRS提供了有关执法人员自杀的数据，这些数据用于帮助支持一项法案，该法案要求在该州的执法培训学院进行心理健康弹性和意识培训，以及针对心理健康的类似培训计划，物质使用,惩教人员中的酒精问题。此外,州和司法管辖区也使用其VDRS数据来检查与其州或司法管辖区的凶杀有关的因素。例如,佐治亚州VDRS与亚特兰大市长减少暴力办公室合作，开发了两个公共仪表板，不仅提供有关暴力死亡的全面数据，而且还提供有关受暴力影响严重的人口地理分布的数据，以帮助为预防暴力干预措施提供信息。
