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Abstract：
Skin autofluorescence (sAF) measurement is a non-invasive method used to assess tissue advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation. This study aims to characterize sAF\'s association with (1) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values, (2) cardiovascular risk markers, and (3) common comorbidities (autoimmune thyroiditis, celiac disease) in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
METHODS: A total of 348 children with T1D aged 3-18 years and 85 age- and gender-matched control subjects were enrolled. sAF was quantified using an AGE Reader (Diagnoptics BV, The Netherlands). The analysis covered HbA1c, blood lipid, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring records, and body composition parameters. The associations between variables and sAF were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation.
RESULTS: We observed significantly higher sAF values in the T1D group compared to the control (1.40 [1.27-1.53] vs. 1.20 [1.07-1.30, AU]; p = 0.004), consistent across all tested age groups. In the T1D group, sAF was positively correlated with current HbA1c, mean of historical HbA1c values, and T1D duration (r values, respectively: 0.27, 0.22, 0.14, all p < 0.01). Percentage of body fat was positively correlated with sAF (r = 0.120; p = 0.044). No significant correlations were found between sAF and lipid fractions, Z-score of BMI, parameters from 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, or the amount of albumin excreted in urine. sAF was positively correlated with CRP (r = 0.17, p < 0.05). sAF was significantly higher in patients with concomitant celiac disease (1.53 [1.43-1.63] vs. 1.40 [1.27-1.53, AU], p = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Among young T1D patients with relatively brief diabetes duration, sAF effectively mirrors prior glycemic control, as presented by historical average HbA1c. However, associations with conventional CV risk markers are not evident. The higher sAF values in patients with celiac disease warrant further exploration.
METHODS: A total of 348 children with T1D aged 3-18 years and 85 age- and gender-matched control subjects were enrolled. sAF was quantified using an AGE Reader (Diagnoptics BV, The Netherlands). The analysis covered HbA1c, blood lipid, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring records, and body composition parameters. The associations between variables and sAF were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation.
RESULTS: We observed significantly higher sAF values in the T1D group compared to the control (1.40 [1.27-1.53] vs. 1.20 [1.07-1.30, AU]; p = 0.004), consistent across all tested age groups. In the T1D group, sAF was positively correlated with current HbA1c, mean of historical HbA1c values, and T1D duration (r values, respectively: 0.27, 0.22, 0.14, all p < 0.01). Percentage of body fat was positively correlated with sAF (r = 0.120; p = 0.044). No significant correlations were found between sAF and lipid fractions, Z-score of BMI, parameters from 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, or the amount of albumin excreted in urine. sAF was positively correlated with CRP (r = 0.17, p < 0.05). sAF was significantly higher in patients with concomitant celiac disease (1.53 [1.43-1.63] vs. 1.40 [1.27-1.53, AU], p = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Among young T1D patients with relatively brief diabetes duration, sAF effectively mirrors prior glycemic control, as presented by historical average HbA1c. However, associations with conventional CV risk markers are not evident. The higher sAF values in patients with celiac disease warrant further exploration.
摘要：
皮肤自发荧光（sAF）测量是一种用于评估组织晚期糖基化终产物（AGE）积累的非侵入性方法。本研究旨在表征sAF与(1)糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)值的相关性，（2）心血管风险标志物，和（3）常见的合并症（自身免疫性甲状腺炎，乳糜泻）儿童1型糖尿病（T1D）。
方法：共纳入348名年龄在3-18岁的T1D儿童和85名年龄和性别匹配的对照受试者。sAF使用AGEReader(诊断BV，荷兰）。分析涵盖了HbA1c，血脂，和C反应蛋白（CRP）水平，动态血压监测记录,和身体成分参数。使用Mann-WhitneyU检验和Spearman相关性评估变量与sAF之间的关联。
结果：我们观察到T1D组的sAF值明显高于对照组（1.40[1.27-1.53]vs.1.20[1.07-1.30，AU]；p=0.004），在所有测试年龄组中一致。在T1D组中，sAF与当前HbA1c呈正相关,历史HbA1c值的平均值，和T1D持续时间(r值，分别为：0.27、0.22、0.14，均p<0.01）。体脂肪百分比与sAF呈正相关(r=0.120;p=0.044)。sAF和脂质组分之间没有发现显著的相关性，BMI的Z评分，来自24小时动态血压监测的参数，或尿液中排出的白蛋白量。sAF与CRP呈正相关(r=0.17,p<0.05)。合并乳糜泻患者的sAF明显更高（1.53[1.43-1.63]vs.1.40[1.27-1.53,AU],p=0.001)。
结论：在糖尿病持续时间相对较短的年轻T1D患者中，sAF有效反映了先前的血糖控制，如历史平均HbA1c所示。然而,与常规CV风险标志物的相关性不明显.乳糜泻患者sAF值越高，需要进一步探索。
方法：共纳入348名年龄在3-18岁的T1D儿童和85名年龄和性别匹配的对照受试者。sAF使用AGEReader(诊断BV，荷兰）。分析涵盖了HbA1c，血脂，和C反应蛋白（CRP）水平，动态血压监测记录,和身体成分参数。使用Mann-WhitneyU检验和Spearman相关性评估变量与sAF之间的关联。
结果：我们观察到T1D组的sAF值明显高于对照组（1.40[1.27-1.53]vs.1.20[1.07-1.30，AU]；p=0.004），在所有测试年龄组中一致。在T1D组中，sAF与当前HbA1c呈正相关,历史HbA1c值的平均值，和T1D持续时间(r值，分别为：0.27、0.22、0.14，均p<0.01）。体脂肪百分比与sAF呈正相关(r=0.120;p=0.044)。sAF和脂质组分之间没有发现显著的相关性，BMI的Z评分，来自24小时动态血压监测的参数，或尿液中排出的白蛋白量。sAF与CRP呈正相关(r=0.17,p<0.05)。合并乳糜泻患者的sAF明显更高（1.53[1.43-1.63]vs.1.40[1.27-1.53,AU],p=0.001)。
结论：在糖尿病持续时间相对较短的年轻T1D患者中，sAF有效反映了先前的血糖控制，如历史平均HbA1c所示。然而,与常规CV风险标志物的相关性不明显.乳糜泻患者sAF值越高，需要进一步探索。
