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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Although salmonellosis is considered to be a foodborne zoonotic disease, pets can play a significant role in the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella organisms to humans because of close contact with their owners.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, risk factors, virulence factors, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella in pet dogs and cats in Turkey and to assess the public health risk. Furthermore, to perform macroscopic comparison of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Salmonella-positive and Salmonella-negative animals.
METHODS: International Standards Organization (ISO) 6579-1:2017 and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) methods were used to compare the effectiveness of culture methods in the identification of Salmonella in 348 rectal swabs. Positive isolates were serotyped using the slide agglutination method according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme and the presence of virulence genes (invA and stn) were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial activity was tested by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.
RESULTS: Salmonella prevalence was 5.73% (9/157) in dogs and 0.0% (0/191) in cats. Eight (8/9) isolates were cultured with the ISO method and 5 (5/9) isolates were cultured with the FDA method. Macroscopic results revealed that Salmonella agents had no effect on LAB. Three different serotypes were detected and all isolates were positive for virulence genes. Antibiotic resistance profiling indicated that 11.1% of the isolates were MDR and the highest resistance was found for ciprofloxacin. MDR-resistant S. Virchow and carbapenem-resistant S. Enteritidis were detected from dog isolates. There was a significant difference between raw meat consumption and Salmonella carriage (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: Dogs could be potential carriers of Salmonella infection. The isolation of Salmonella in healthy dogs instead of dogs suffering from diarrhoea indicates that attention should be paid to asymptomatic carriage. The emergence of resistance among zoonotic Salmonella isolates poses a significant threat to public health.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, risk factors, virulence factors, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella in pet dogs and cats in Turkey and to assess the public health risk. Furthermore, to perform macroscopic comparison of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Salmonella-positive and Salmonella-negative animals.
METHODS: International Standards Organization (ISO) 6579-1:2017 and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) methods were used to compare the effectiveness of culture methods in the identification of Salmonella in 348 rectal swabs. Positive isolates were serotyped using the slide agglutination method according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme and the presence of virulence genes (invA and stn) were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial activity was tested by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.
RESULTS: Salmonella prevalence was 5.73% (9/157) in dogs and 0.0% (0/191) in cats. Eight (8/9) isolates were cultured with the ISO method and 5 (5/9) isolates were cultured with the FDA method. Macroscopic results revealed that Salmonella agents had no effect on LAB. Three different serotypes were detected and all isolates were positive for virulence genes. Antibiotic resistance profiling indicated that 11.1% of the isolates were MDR and the highest resistance was found for ciprofloxacin. MDR-resistant S. Virchow and carbapenem-resistant S. Enteritidis were detected from dog isolates. There was a significant difference between raw meat consumption and Salmonella carriage (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: Dogs could be potential carriers of Salmonella infection. The isolation of Salmonella in healthy dogs instead of dogs suffering from diarrhoea indicates that attention should be paid to asymptomatic carriage. The emergence of resistance among zoonotic Salmonella isolates poses a significant threat to public health.
摘要：
背景：尽管沙门氏菌病被认为是一种食源性人畜共患疾病，由于与主人的密切接触，宠物可以在抗微生物沙门氏菌向人类传播中发挥重要作用。
目的：为了确定患病率，危险因素，毒力因子，血清型,以及土耳其宠物狗和猫的沙门氏菌耐药性概况，并评估公共卫生风险。此外，对沙门氏菌阳性和沙门氏菌阴性动物的乳酸菌（LAB）进行宏观比较。
方法：使用国际标准组织（ISO）6579-1：2017和食品药品监督管理局（FDA）的方法比较了培养方法在348个直肠拭子中鉴定沙门氏菌的有效性。根据White-Kauffmann-LeMinor方案，使用载玻片凝集法对阳性分离株进行血清分型，并通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）评估毒力基因（invA和stn）的存在。根据临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)指南,通过Kirby-Bauer圆盘扩散法测试抗微生物活性。
结果：沙门氏菌在狗中的患病率为5.73％（9/157），在猫中为0.0％（0/191）。用ISO方法培养8个(8/9)分离株,用FDA方法培养5个(5/9)分离株。宏观结果表明，沙门氏菌对LAB没有影响。检测到三种不同的血清型，所有分离株的毒力基因均为阳性。抗生素耐药性分析表明，11.1％的分离株为MDR，环丙沙星的耐药性最高。从狗分离物中检测到耐多药S.Virchow和耐碳青霉烯类肠炎S.生肉消费量和沙门氏菌携带量之间存在显着差异（p<0.01）。
结论：狗可能是沙门氏菌感染的潜在携带者。在健康的狗中而不是在患有腹泻的狗中分离沙门氏菌，这表明应注意无症状携带。人畜共患沙门氏菌分离株中耐药性的出现对公众健康构成了重大威胁。
目的：为了确定患病率，危险因素，毒力因子，血清型,以及土耳其宠物狗和猫的沙门氏菌耐药性概况，并评估公共卫生风险。此外，对沙门氏菌阳性和沙门氏菌阴性动物的乳酸菌（LAB）进行宏观比较。
方法：使用国际标准组织（ISO）6579-1：2017和食品药品监督管理局（FDA）的方法比较了培养方法在348个直肠拭子中鉴定沙门氏菌的有效性。根据White-Kauffmann-LeMinor方案，使用载玻片凝集法对阳性分离株进行血清分型，并通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）评估毒力基因（invA和stn）的存在。根据临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)指南,通过Kirby-Bauer圆盘扩散法测试抗微生物活性。
结果：沙门氏菌在狗中的患病率为5.73％（9/157），在猫中为0.0％（0/191）。用ISO方法培养8个(8/9)分离株,用FDA方法培养5个(5/9)分离株。宏观结果表明，沙门氏菌对LAB没有影响。检测到三种不同的血清型，所有分离株的毒力基因均为阳性。抗生素耐药性分析表明，11.1％的分离株为MDR，环丙沙星的耐药性最高。从狗分离物中检测到耐多药S.Virchow和耐碳青霉烯类肠炎S.生肉消费量和沙门氏菌携带量之间存在显着差异（p<0.01）。
结论：狗可能是沙门氏菌感染的潜在携带者。在健康的狗中而不是在患有腹泻的狗中分离沙门氏菌，这表明应注意无症状携带。人畜共患沙门氏菌分离株中耐药性的出现对公众健康构成了重大威胁。
