Abstract：
Innovative solvents such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and process intensification technologies assisted by ultrasound have been demonstrated to be promising pathways for enhancing solid-liquid extraction. Nevertheless, quantitative and systematic knowledge of their environmental impact is still limited. In this work, a case study of flavonoids extraction from Ginkgo biloba leaves was evaluated by using life cycle assessment (LCA) for comparison of three extraction scenarios. The first used DES as extractant (DESE), and the other two adopted ethanol, including heat reflux extraction (HRE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Among eight key midpoints investigated, all these from UAE were 10.0 %-80.0 % lower than from DESE and HRE except water consumption. The UAE was the eco-friendliest option due to its higher extraction yield, shorter duration and lower solvent consumption. The DESE exhibited the lowest water consumption, the highest freshwater ecotoxicity and human carcinogenic toxicity, while HRE had the highest impacts for the other 6 midpoints. Moreover, solvent production was the key contributor for all the categories. The standardized sensitivity analysis showed that the overall environmental footprint can be further decreased by 15.4 % for DESE pathways via substituting choline chloride/glycerine with choline chloride/ethylene glycol. Furthermore, all pathways using DESs had higher standardized impacts than those employing ethanol from sugarcane or wood. Replacing ethanol from maize with other feedstocks can significantly lessen the overall impacts, among which the UAE using ethanol from sugarcane demonstrated the least environmental impacts. The promotion of DESs as \"green and sustainable\" alternative to traditional solvents requires careful consideration.
摘要：
创新的溶剂，例如低共熔溶剂（DES）和超声辅助的过程强化技术已被证明是增强固液萃取的有希望的途径。然而，对其环境影响的定量和系统知识仍然有限。在这项工作中,通过使用生命周期评估（LCA）比较三种提取方案，对银杏叶中黄酮的提取进行了评估。第一次使用DES作为萃取剂（DESE），另外两种采用乙醇，包括热回流提取（HRE），超声辅助提取（UAE）。在调查的八个关键中点中，除用水量外，阿联酋的所有这些都比DESE和HRE低10.0%-80.0%。阿联酋是最环保的选择，因为它的提取产量更高，较短的持续时间和较低的溶剂消耗。DESE表现出最低的用水量，最高的淡水生态毒性和人类致癌毒性，而HRE对其他6个中点的影响最大。此外，溶剂生产是所有类别的关键贡献者。标准化敏感性分析表明，通过用氯化胆碱/乙二醇代替氯化胆碱/甘油，DESE途径的总体环境足迹可进一步降低15.4％。此外，与使用甘蔗或木材乙醇的途径相比,使用DES的所有途径具有更高的标准化影响.用其他原料代替玉米中的乙醇可以显着减轻整体影响，其中阿联酋使用甘蔗乙醇对环境的影响最小。将DES推广为传统溶剂的“绿色和可持续”替代品需要仔细考虑。
