神经系统疾病(NDS)是严重影响全球个体健康的疾病,可能导致患者及其家人的生活质量显着降低。由于中草药具有多靶点、多途径的特点,已被广泛应用于该病的治疗。银杏叶(GBLs),世界上最受欢迎的草药之一,已被证明对ND有治疗作用。然而,GBLs治疗神经系统疾病的药理机制尚未得到系统的总结。本研究旨在从细胞模型中总结GBLs治疗NDs的分子机制,动物模型,和临床试验研究。四个数据库,即,PubMed,谷歌学者,CNKI,和WebofScience使用以下关键字进行搜索:“银杏”,“银杏叶提取物”,\"银杏叶\",“银杏叶提取物”,“神经系统疾病”,“神经系统疾病”,和“神经退行性疾病”。提取并总结了所有符合GBLs治疗NDs纳入标准的项目。此外,进行PRISMA2020以独立评估筛选方法。在数据库的1385条记录中,筛选了52个与GBLs在治疗ND中的功能有关的记录;在这52个记录中,39项为临床前试验,13项为临床研究。药理学研究的分析表明,GBLs可以改善记忆,认知,行为,和NDS的精神病理学,最常见的相关GBLs是抑郁症,其次是老年痴呆症,中风,亨廷顿病,和帕金森病。此外,抑郁症的临床研究,AD,中风是最常见的,其余大部分ND数据可从体外或体内动物研究中获得。此外,GBLs治疗NDs的可能机制主要是通过清除自由基,抗氧化活性,抗炎反应,线粒体保护,神经递质调节,和PAF的拮抗作用。这是迄今为止首次系统全面地研究GBLs治疗NDs的药理作用和神经保护机制的论文。所有发现有助于更好地理解GBLs在治疗NDs中的功效和复杂性,这对该中药的进一步临床应用具有重要意义。
Neurological disorders (NDs) are diseases that seriously affect the health of individuals worldwide, potentially leading to a significant reduction in the quality of life for patients and their families. Herbal medicines have been widely used in the treatment of NDs due to their multi-target and multi-pathway features. Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBLs), one of the most popular herbal medicines in the world, have been demonstrated to present therapeutic effects on NDs. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of GBLs in the treatment of neurological disorders have not been systematically summarized. This study aimed to summarize the molecular mechanism of GBLs in treating NDs from the cell models, animal models, and clinical trials of studies. Four databases, i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, and Web of Science were searched using the following keywords: \"Ginkgo biloba\", \"Ginkgo biloba extract\", \"Ginkgo biloba leaves\", \"Ginkgo biloba leaves extract\", \"Neurological disorders\", \"Neurological diseases\", and \"Neurodegenerative diseases\". All items meeting the inclusion criteria on the treatment of NDs with GBLs were extracted and summarized. Additionally, PRISMA 2020 was performed to independently evaluate the screening methods. Out of 1385 records in the database, 52 were screened in relation to the function of GBLs in the treatment of NDs; of these 52 records, 39 were preclinical trials and 13 were clinical studies. Analysis of pharmacological studies revealed that GBLs can improve memory, cognition, behavior, and psychopathology of NDs and that the most frequently associated GBLs are depression, followed by Alzheimer\'s disease, stroke, Huntington\'s disease, and Parkinson\'s disease. Additionally, the clinical studies of depression, AD, and stroke are the most common, and most of the remaining ND data are available from in vitro or in vivo animal studies. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of GBLs in treating NDs are mainly through free radical scavenging, anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory response, mitochondrial protection, neurotransmitter regulation, and antagonism of PAF. This is the first paper to systematically and comprehensively investigate the pharmacological effects and neuroprotective mechanisms of GBLs in the treatment of NDs thus far. All findings contribute to a better understanding of the efficacy and complexity of GBLs in treating NDs, which is of great significance for the further clinical application of this herbal medicine.