Abstract:
Groundwater has never been heavily relied on as a water source in Northern Iraq as it has been in the last two decades due to the rapid and often unplanned urbanization, industrial and agricultural projects. This paper attempts to present a concise groundwater vulnerability assessment of Rania basin to the local and regional planning authorities to ensure a more sustainable development in the area. The focus of the study is the Rania basin, which is a part of Dokan subbasin in northeast Iraq. The initial groundwater vulnerability assessment is mapped with standard DRASTIC model. It is then modified by adding \"lineament density index\" to the original seven DRASTIC parameters due to the previously established close relationship between flow and yield of groundwater with lineament. The area is categorized into five vulnerability index zones of very low (26%), low (32%), medium (31%), high (11%), and very high (0.012%). The modified model offers a slightly different vulnerability classification of very low (16.61%), low (35.45%), medium (30.32), high (17.57), and very high (0.05%). Measured nitrate concentration is used to validate the assessment results. A progressive increase in nitrate level somehow reflects the different vulnerability zones identified by both DRASTIC models. Average nitrate values of samples taken in wet season show 14.99 mg/l, 17.94 mg/l, and 18.63 for very low vulnerability, low vulnerability, and medium vulnerability zones in the standard DRASTIC model. However, when the area is mapped by the modified DRASTIC model, the vulnerability classes of very low and medium show slightly higher nitrate values of 15.96 mg/l and 20.1 mg/l and a lower value of 17.68 mg/l for the low vulnerability class. This is despite a noticeable increase in nitrate level between wet and dry seasons due to the rise in water table in the wet season.
摘要:
由于快速且经常计划外的城市化,伊拉克北部从未像过去二十年那样严重依赖地下水作为水源,工业和农业项目。本文试图向地方和区域规划部门提供Rania盆地的简明地下水脆弱性评估,以确保该地区的可持续发展。研究的重点是Rania盆地,这是伊拉克东北部多坎盆地的一部分。初始地下水脆弱性评估使用标准DRASTIC模型绘制。然后通过在原始的七个DRASTIC参数中添加“线条密度指数”来对其进行修改,因为先前已建立了具有线条的地下水流量与产量之间的密切关系。该地区分为五个脆弱性指数非常低(26%)的区域,低(32%),中等(31%),高(11%),非常高(0.012%)。修改后的模型提供了一个略有不同的漏洞分类,即非常低(16.61%),低(35.45%),中等(30.32),高(17.57),非常高(0.05%)。测量的硝酸盐浓度用于验证评估结果。硝酸盐水平的逐渐增加以某种方式反映了两种DRASTIC模型确定的不同脆弱性区域。在雨季采集的样品的平均硝酸盐值显示为14.99mg/l,17.94毫克/升,和18.63非常低的脆弱性,低脆弱性,和标准DRASTIC模型中的中等漏洞区域。然而,当区域由修改后的DRASTIC模型映射时,非常低和中等的脆弱性类别显示出较高的硝酸盐值,分别为15.96mg/l和20.1mg/l,而低脆弱性类别的硝酸盐值较低,为17.68mg/l。尽管由于雨季地下水位上升,雨季和旱季之间的硝酸盐含量显着增加。