最近的研究报告说,按蚊在萨赫勒的高海拔(地面以上40-290m)捕获。这里,我们描述了这种跨非洲Culicidae属和种的迁移方式,并研究了其对疾病传播和控制的意义。以及按蚊,另外六个属库蚊,伊蚊,Mansonia,无菌血症,Lutzia,在海拔高度捕获的2,340只蚊子中,Eretmapodites占90%。在50个分子确认的物种中(N=2,107),以多个标本为代表的33种被保守地认为是高空风载移民,表明它是蚊子的常见迁移方式(马里已知物种的31-47%),尤其是库蚊(45-59%)。总体物种丰度在2至710个标本/种之间变化(以Ae为单位。vittatus和Cx.perexiguus,分别)。在高度,雌性比雄性多6:1,并且93%的雌性在离开之前至少在脊椎动物宿主上吃过一次血粉。大多数分类单元在较高的采样高度更常见,表明总丰度和多样性被低估了。高空飞行活动集中在6月至11月之间,这与地表水的可用性和蚊子的疾病传播高峰相吻合。风媒蚊子迁移的这些标志增强了它们作为蚊子传播病原体(MBP)携带者的作用。用泛疟原虫试验对921只蚊子进行筛查,发现这些高海拔移居者的胸腔感染率为2.4%,提供了一个概念证明,脊椎动物病原体是由风载蚊子在海拔高度运输的。据报道,在西非,33种风媒蚊子中有14种是25种MBP的媒介,占该地区已知MBPs的32%,包括对人类和动物健康造成最沉重负担的MBPs,比如疟疾,黄热病,登革热,裂谷热。我们重点介绍了五种最有可能受到西非风传蚊子影响的虫媒病毒:裂谷热,O\'nyong\'nyong,Ngari,Pangola,还有Ndumu.我们得出的结论是,通过迁徙昆虫和监视的发展来绘制源头,路线,媒介和病原体的目的地是理解的关键,预测,减轻现有和新的公共卫生威胁。
Recent studies have reported Anopheles mosquitoes captured at high-altitude (40-290 m above ground) in the Sahel. Here, we describe this migration modality across genera and species of African Culicidae and examine its implications for disease transmission and control. As well as Anopheles, six other genera-Culex, Aedes, Mansonia, Mimomyia, Lutzia, and Eretmapodites comprised 90% of the 2,340 mosquitoes captured at altitude. Of the 50 molecularly confirmed species (N = 2,107), 33 species represented by multiple specimens were conservatively considered high-altitude windborne migrants, suggesting it is a common migration modality in mosquitoes (31-47% of the known species in Mali), and especially in Culex (45-59%). Overall species abundance varied between 2 and 710 specimens/species (in Ae. vittatus and Cx. perexiguus, respectively). At altitude, females outnumbered males 6:1, and 93% of the females have taken at least one blood meal on a vertebrate host prior to their departure. Most taxa were more common at higher sampling altitudes, indicating that total abundance and diversity are underestimated. High-altitude flight activity was concentrated between June and November coinciding with availability of surface waters and peak disease transmission by mosquitoes. These hallmarks of windborne mosquito migration bolster their role as carriers of mosquito-borne pathogens (MBPs). Screening 921 mosquitoes using pan-Plasmodium assays revealed that thoracic infection rate in these high-altitude migrants was 2.4%, providing a proof of concept that vertebrate pathogens are transported by windborne mosquitoes at altitude. Fourteen of the 33 windborne mosquito species had been reported as vectors to 25 MBPs in West Africa, which represent 32% of the MBPs known in that region and include those that inflict the heaviest burden on human and animal health, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Rift Valley fever. We highlight five arboviruses that are most likely affected by windborne mosquitoes in West Africa: Rift Valley fever, O\'nyong\'nyong, Ngari, Pangola, and Ndumu. We conclude that the study of windborne spread of diseases by migrating insects and the development of surveillance to map the sources, routes, and destinations of vectors and pathogens is key to understand, predict, and mitigate existing and new threats of public health.