■熄灭反应的更新与特定与熄灭相关的大脑区域的较高活动有关,即,海马(HC),额下回(IFG),和腹内侧PFC(vmPFC)。HC参与上下文信息的处理,而IFG和vmPFC使用此类上下文信息来选择和决定竞争的响应选项。然而,目前尚不清楚结果变化与不变的试验在多大程度上,或唤起更新的灭绝试验(即,灭绝背景不同于采集和测试背景:ABA试验)和不(即,所有阶段的背景相同:AAA试验)在与灭绝相关的大脑区域中表现不同。
■在这项研究中,我们应用代表性相似性分析(RSA)来确定这些试验类型的神经表征差异及其与灭绝错误率和更新水平的关系.
■总的来说,有更新的个体(REN)和没有更新的个体(NoREN)在ABA和AAA灭绝试验之间的歧视水平没有显着差异,除了右后HC,其中REN表现出更明显的与上下文相关的歧视。此外,双侧后HC表现的差异更高,以及在几个IFG地区,在灭绝期间,学习与较低的ABA更新率有关。REN和NoREN都受益于ABA灭绝误差的预测误差反馈,用于IFG中与上下文和结果相关的试验区分,vmPFC,HC,但只有NoREN组也受益于AAA灭绝错误的错误反馈。
■因此,虽然在这两组中,新背景的存在支持了不同表现的形成,只有在NoREN中,仅对结果的惊人变化的预期违反具有类似的效果.此外,仅在NoREN中,与上下文相关的歧视与vmPFC中的错误反馈有关。总之,研究结果表明,HC中与上下文和结果相关的试验歧视,vmPFC,IFG与灭绝学习错误有关,不管更新倾向如何,同时,在REN和NoREN中采用不同的上下文处理策略。此外,在灭绝学习期间更好地区分与上下文相关的试验会促进灭绝回忆期间更少的更新,提示续签可能与次优情境相关的试验歧视有关.
UNASSIGNED: Renewal of extinguished responses is associated with higher activity in specific extinction-relevant brain regions, i.e., hippocampus (HC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and ventromedial PFC (
vmPFC). HC is involved in processing of context information, while IFG and
vmPFC use such context information for selecting and deciding among competing response options. However, it is as yet unknown to what extent trials with changed versus unchanged outcome, or extinction trials that evoke renewal (i.e., extinction context differs from acquisition and test context: ABA trials) and trials that do not (i.e., same context in all phases: AAA trials) are represented differentially in extinction-relevant brain regions.
UNASSIGNED: In this study, we applied representational similarity analysis (RSA) to determine differences in neural representations of these trial types and their relationship to extinction error rates and renewal level.
UNASSIGNED: Overall, individuals with renewal (REN) and those without (NoREN) did not differ significantly in their discrimination levels between ABA and AAA extinction trials, with the exception of right posterior HC, where REN exhibited more pronounced context-related discrimination. In addition, higher dissimilarity of representations in bilateral posterior HC, as well as in several IFG regions, during extinction learning was linked to lower ABA renewal rates. Both REN and NoREN benefitted from prediction error feedback from ABA extinction errors for context- and outcome-related discrimination of trials in IFG,
vmPFC, and HC, but only the NoREN group also benefitted from error feedback from AAA extinction errors.
UNASSIGNED: Thus, while in both groups the presence of a novel context supported formation of distinct representations, only in NoREN the expectancy violation of the surprising change of outcome alone had a similar effect. In addition, only in NoREN context-related discrimination was linked to error feedback in
vmPFC. In summary, the findings show that context- and outcome-related discrimination of trials in HC,
vmPFC, and IFG is linked to extinction learning errors, regardless of renewal propensity, and at the same time point towards differential context processing strategies in REN and NoREN. Moreover, better discrimination of context-related trials during extinction learning promotes less renewal during extinction recall, suggesting that renewal may be related to suboptimal context-related trial discrimination.