BACKGROUND: Community-based prevalence studies are known to be more accurate than hospital-based records. However, such community-based prevalence studies are uncommon in low- and middle-income countries including Nigeria. Allocation of resources and prioritization of health care needs by policy makers require data from such community-based studies to be meaningful and sustainable. This study aims to assess the prevalence of common surgical conditions amongst adults in Nigeria.
METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional community-based study to determine the prevalence of congenital and acquired surgical conditions in adults in a mixed rural-urban area of Lagos was conducted. The study population comprised resident members in the Ikorodu Local Government Area (LGA) of Lagos State. Data was collected using a modified version of the interviewer-administered questionnaire, the Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS) survey tool. Data was analysed using the REDCap analytic tool.
RESULTS: Eight hundred and fifty-six households were surveyed with a yield of 1,992 adults. There were 95 adults who complained of surgical conditions giving a prevalence rate of 5%. Vast majority of reported conditions were acquired deformities (n=94) while only 1 congenital deformity was reported. Others included breast lumps, anterior neck swelling, and groin swellings.
CONCLUSIONS: The most common surgical complaints in our setting among adults were acquired conditions of the extremities and open wounds/sores. With an estimated population of 90 million adults and approximately 1,200 orthopaedic and general surgeons respectively, the surgeon-to-affected population ratio is 1:10,000. There is a large gap to be filled in terms of surgical manpower development.
BACKGROUND: Les études de prévalence communautaires sont connues pour être plus précises que les dossiers hospitaliers. Cependant, de telles études de prévalence communautaires sont rares dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire, y compris le Nigeria. L\'allocation des ressources et la priorisation des besoins de santé par les décideurs nécessitent des données issues de telles études communautaires pour être significatives et durables. Cette étude vise à évaluer la prévalence des affections chirurgicales courantes chez les adultes au Nigeria.
UNASSIGNED: Une étude descriptive transversale basée sur la communauté pour déterminer la prévalence des conditions chirurgicales congénitales et acquises chez les adultes dans une zone rurale-urbaine mixte de Lagos a été menée. La population étudiée comprenait des membres résidents de la zone de gouvernement local (LGA) d\'Ikorodu, dans l\'État de Lagos. Les données ont été collectées à l\'aide d\'une version modifiée du questionnaire administré par un enquêteur, l\'outil d\'enquête Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS). Les données ont été analysées à l\'aide de l\'outil analytique REDCap.
UNASSIGNED: Huit cent cinquante-six ménages ont été enquêtés, ce qui a donné 1 992 adultes. Quatre-vingt-quinze adultes se sont plaints de conditions chirurgicales, donnant un taux de prévalence de 5 %. La grande majorité des conditions rapportées étaient des déformations acquises (n=94) tandis qu\'une seule déformation congénitale a été signalée. Les autres incluaient des nodules mammaires, des gonflements antérieurs du cou et des gonflements inguinaux.
CONCLUSIONS: Les plaintes chirurgicales les plus courantes dans notre cadre parmi les adultes étaient des conditions acquises des extrémités et des plaies ouvertes/ulcères. Avec une population estimée à 90 millions d\'adultes et environ 1 200 chirurgiens orthopédiques et généralistes respectivement, le ratio chirurgien-population affectée est de 1:10,000. Il y a un grand écart à combler en termes de développement de la main-d\'œuvre chirurgicale.
UNASSIGNED: Prévalence, Charge de morbidité, Chirurgie, Plaies.

Place of residence (urban versus rural) is a contextual determinant of health that has received less attention in the food insecurity literature. The purpose of this study was to assess the urban-rural disparity in the prevalence of food insecurity and weight status among US children. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016 with three age groups of children (2-5, 6-11, and 12-17 years old), the associations of weight status and child and household food security status by urban-rural residence were examined using Rao-Scott Chi-square tests. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Children living in urban areas were significantly more likely to experience household food insecurity (29.15%) compared to their rural counterparts (19.10%), among those aged 6-11 years. The associations between children\'s weight status and child and household food security status were significant for children living in urban areas overall and different age groups but not for children living in rural areas. These trends were more pronounced in older age groups. Given the link between food insecurity and higher obesity rates, particularly among urban children, this study highlights the importance of incorporating food security interventions into future obesity prevention programs.

Dietary diversity is one of the fundamental factors of nutritional security and a proxy used to measure diet quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between village chicken availability and the dietary diversity of households along a rural-urban gradient. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire in rural (n = 100), peri-urban (n = 100), and urban (n = 100) areas of Pietermaritzburg uMgungundlovu District, KwaZulu-Natal, in South Africa. A positive relationship between distance from the city center and village chicken flock sizes (p < 0.001) was observed. Consumption of vegetables increased with an increase in distance from the city center (p < 0.01). A quadratic relationship was observed between distance from the city center and consumption of livestock-derived foods (LDFs) (p < 0.05). Consumption of LDFs increased with an increase in village chicken flock sizes (p < 0.05). Consumption of vegetables increased with an increase in village chicken flock sizes (p < 0.01). Food variety score (FVS) increased with an increase in distance from the city center (p < 0.05). Assessing the availability of village chickens across rural-urban gradients is a worthy opportunity to utilize to improve households\' dietary diversity and alleviate poverty. It can be concluded that expanding village flock sizes could enhance the dietary diversity of households.

Urban Indigenous populations encounter distinctive challenges in maintaining traditional dietary practices, compounded by the complexities of socio-economic and environmental factors and the modern urban lifestyle. This qualitative study explores the perceptions of healthy eating, along with the facilitators and barriers to such practices, among urban Indigenous peoples in Saskatoon, Regina, and Prince Albert. Through virtual interviews, we engage 14 participants from these cities. Utilizing NVivo for thematic coding, we apply inductive thematic analysis to reveal relevant themes. The study highlights a preference for nutrient-rich, natural, and minimally processed foods, with a significant emphasis on incorporating traditional Indigenous foods into diets. These preferences are deeply entwined with cultural identity and underscore the importance of traditional foods in maintaining cultural heritage and promoting well-being. Despite the intrinsic value of these traditional foods, participants face several barriers to healthy eating, including economic constraints, limited access to traditional foods, and the psychological impacts of historical trauma. Nevertheless, facilitators such as community and family support, engagement in traditional food practices, and a growing awareness of nutritional knowledge are identified as being crucial in supporting healthy dietary choices. This research underscores the complex interplay of cultural, economic, and environmental factors in shaping the dietary practices of urban Indigenous peoples.

BACKGROUND: Tinea capitis is a global public health concern with a unique therapeutic challenge and mostly affects children. The burden is double in developing countries. There is no study on school-going children from the urban residence in Ethiopia.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of Tinea capitis and its associated factors among school children in Gondar town northwest, Ethiopia 2021.
METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among school children in Gondar town from November 20 to December 20, 2021. Data was collected through an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. A stratified simple random sampling technique was employed. Then data were entered into EPI Info version 7.22 and transferred to Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 22 for further analysis. The binary logistic regression model was employed to identify factors associated with tinea capitis, and the strength of association and statistical significance was declared using the adjusted odds ratios with its corresponding 95% CI, and p-value ≤ 0.05 respectively.
RESULTS: The prevalence of tinea capitis among school children in Gondar town was found to be 29.4%. Public school student (AOR = 2.79 95% CI: 1.34-5.87), widowed mother (AOR = 6.09, 95% CI: 1.83-11.23), students in the age group of 5-8 years (AOR = 3.79 95% CI: 1.68-8.55), animal contact (AOR = 2.61 95% CI: 1.15-5.90), and family similar illness category (AOR = 8.49 95% CI: 3.73-11.39) have risen the likelihood of tinea capitis among school children.
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of tinea capitis was higher. Young age, children from widowed marital status, illiterate mother, history of share blades, animal contact, a family similar illness, and lower number of living rooms are important factors contributing to tinea capitis among school children. Health education for the mother on the mode of transmission, prevention, and improve the low socioeconomic status of the parent is crucial.
BACKGROUND: Children, Ethiopia, Gondar, School age, Tinea capitis.

OBJECTIVE: Indian ethnic and educational diversities necessitate obtaining normative cognitive data in different populations. We aimed to evaluate cognitive scores using a Marathi translation of the Kolkata cognitive battery (KCB) and to study the association of KCB components with depression and sociodemographic variables.
METHODS: We studied 2,651 individuals aged ≥40 years without preexisting neuropsychiatric conditions from urban (Mumbai) and rural districts of Maharashtra. For each component of KCB, the lowest 10th percentile score was used to define cognitive impairment.
RESULTS: We studied 1,435 (54%) rural and 1,216 (46%) urban residents equally divided by gender (1,316 women and 1,335 men), average age 54 years. KCB scores were significantly lower with female sex, older age, illiteracy, and depression. The largest effect sizes attributable to these factors were in the domains of calculation (gender), visuoconstructional ability (VCA) (rurality), and verbal fluency (VF) (depression). Scores remained significantly lower in rural residents after controlling for age, sex, and education, particularly for VCA, immediate recall, and calculation.
CONCLUSIONS: This Marathi KCB, having been validated on large urban as well as rural samples, may be used to study cognition in Marathi-speaking populations with appropriate cutoffs tailored to the degree of urbanization of the population.

UNASSIGNED: Chronic conditions and multimorbidity affect care needs and prevention opportunities.
UNASSIGNED: We studied 2,246 men and women aged ≥40 years within the Dar es Salaam Urban Cohort Study from June 2017 to July 2018. Seventeen chronic conditions were assessed based on self-report, body and blood pressure measurement, blood tests, and screening instruments.
UNASSIGNED: Hypertension (51.3%), anemia (34.1%), obesity (32.2%), diabetes (31.6%), depressive symptoms (31.5%), low grip strength (21.2%), and ischemic heart disease (11.9%) were widespread. Multimorbidity was common (73.7%). Women had higher odds of obesity, ischemic heart disease, and high cholesterol (adjusted OR: 2.08-4.16) and lower odds of underweight, low grip strength, alcohol problems, and smoking (adjusted OR: 0.04-0.45). Ten years of age were associated with higher odds of low grip strength, cognitive problems, hypertension, kidney disease, chronic cough, diabetes, high cholesterol, ischemic heart disease, and multimorbidity (adjusted OR: 1.21-1.81) and lower odds of HIV infection (adjusted OR: 0.51).
UNASSIGNED: We found a higher prevalence of multimorbidity than previously estimated for middle-aged and elderly people in sub-Saharan Africa. The chronic conditions underlying multimorbidity differed by sex.

BACKGROUND: India is experiencing a rising burden of chronic disease multimorbidity due to an aging population and epidemiological transition. Older adults residing in urban slums are especially vulnerable due to challenges in managing multimorbidity amid deprived living conditions. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of multimorbidity, associated health literacy, and quality of life impact in this population.
METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 800 adults aged ≥ 65 years in an urban slum in Gujarat, India. Data on sociodemographics, physical and mental health conditions, health literacy (HLS-SF-47), quality of life (Short Form-12 scale), and social determinants of health were collected. Multimorbidity is ≥ 2 physical or mental health conditions in one person.
RESULTS: The prevalence of multimorbidity was 62.5% (500/800). Multimorbidity was significantly associated with lower physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores on the SF-12 (p < 0.001). After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, the odds ratio of 0.81 indicates that for every 1 unit increase in the health literacy score, the odds of having multimorbidity decrease by 19%. Older age within the older adult cohort (per year increase) was associated with greater odds of multimorbidity (AOR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.09). Physical inactivity (AOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.027-2.77) and lack of social support (AOR 1.57, 95% CI 1.01-2.45) also increased the likelihood of multimorbidity.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a substantial burden of multimorbidity among urban slum dwellers aged ≥ 65 years in India, strongly linked to modifiable risk factors like poor health literacy and social determinants of health. Targeted interventions are essential to alleviate this disproportionate burden among urban slum older adults.

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This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with the unassisted delivery by qualified health personnel in the Republic of Guinea, based on data from the 2018 demographic and health survey. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the associated factors. The prevalence of unassisted delivery was 40.8%; it was 38.4% in rural areas and 2.3% in urban areas. Factors associated with this type of delivery included the performance of no ANC (ORa = 6.19 IC95%: [4.86 - 7.87], p<0.001) and those who had performed one to three ANC (ORa =1.75 IC95%: [1.49 - 2.05], p<0.001) the perception of the distance to the health institution as a problem (ORa =1.28 IC95%: [1.10 - 1.48], p<0.001), belonging to the poor wealth index (ORa = 2.77 IC 95%: [2.19 - 3.50], p<0.001) and average (ORa = 2.01 IC95%: [1.57 - 2.57], p<0.001), the fact of residing in the region of Faranah (ORa = 2.24 IC95%: [1.37 - 3.65], p<0.001) and rural areas (ORa = 4.15 IC95%: [3.10 - 5.56], p<0.001). Strengthening community awareness, making functional ambulances available to rural health centers and making prenatal care inputs available in health institutions would help to reduce the scale of unassisted deliveries in the Republic of Guinea.
Cette étude visait à analyser la prévalence et les facteurs associés à l’accouchement non assisté par un personnel de santé qualifié en Guinée, partant des données de l’enquête démographique et de santé de 2018. La régression logistique multivariée a servi à identifier les facteurs associés. La fréquence de l’accouchement non assisté était de 40.8% ; elle était de 38.4% en milieu rural et 2.3% en milieu urbain. Les facteurs associés à ce type d’accouchement comprenaient la réalisation d’aucune CPN (ORa =6.19 IC95% : [4.86 - 7.87], p<0.001) et celles qui avaient réalisées une à trois CPN (ORa =1.75 IC95% : [1.49 - 2.05], p<0.001) la perception de la distance pour la structure de santé comme un problème (ORa =1.28 IC95% : [1.10 - 1.48], p<0.001), l’appartenance à l’indice de richesse pauvre (ORa =2.77 IC95% : [2.19 - 3.50], p<0.001) et moyenne (ORa =2.01 IC 95% : [1.57 - 2.57], p<0.001), le fait de résider dans la région de Faranah (ORa =2.24 IC95% : [1.37 - 3.65], p<0.001) et rurale (ORa =4,15 IC 95% : [3,10 - 5,56], p<0,001). Le renforcement de la sensibilisation communautaire, la mise d’ambulances fonctionnelles à la disposition des centres de santé ruraux et rendre disponible les intrants de soins prénatals dans les structures sanitaires contribueraient serte à réduire l’ampleur des accouchements non assistés en Guinée.