肉豆蔻科具有改变心灵的苯丙素,例如肉豆蔻素,elemicin,黄樟素,色胺衍生物如N,N-二甲基色胺(DMT)和5-甲氧基N,N-二甲基色胺(5-MeO-DMT)和β-咔啉,如1-甲基-6-甲氧基-二氢-β-咔啉和2-甲基-6-甲氧基-1,2,3,4-四氢-β-咔啉。本研究旨在系统回顾并提出肉豆蔻科致幻代谢产物的假想生物合成途径,这些途径具有潜在的药学应用价值。从在线数据库检索相关出版物,包括谷歌学者,PubMedCentral,编制了《科学指导》和致幻剂在家庭中的分布。该综述表明,植物中5-羟色胺的生物合成是由色胺5-羟化酶(T5H)和色氨酸5-羟化酶(TPH)催化的,而在无脊椎动物和脊椎动物中只能通过色氨酸5-羟化酶(TPH)。吲哚乙胺-N-甲基转移酶催化植物以及人类和其他哺乳动物大脑中DMT的生物合成。咖啡酸3-O-甲基转移酶催化植物中苯丙素类和色胺的生物合成。所有致幻标记物在人类中表现出机械趋同的神经精神效应。审查指出,DMT,5-MeO-DMT,和β-咔啉是对抗植物应激和神经退行性人类疾病的天然保护剂。从NCBI检索到的色氨酸5-羟化酶和色胺5-羟化酶的蛋白质序列数据显示,在最大简约树的系统发育框架上,动植物之间存在共同进化关系。该综述还表明,血清素的生物合成,DMT,5-MeO-DMT,5-羟基二甲基色胺,和植物中的β-咔啉,以及这些化合物在人类和啮齿动物的大脑和血液中的内源性分泌,反映了植物和人类共同进化的共生关系。
The family Myristicaceae harbour mind-altering phenylpropanoids like myristicin, elemicin, safrole,
tryptamine derivatives such as N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and β-carbolines such as 1-methyl-6-methoxy-dihydro-β-carboline and 2-methyl-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline. This study aimed to systematically review and propose the hypothetical biosynthetic pathways of hallucinogenic metabolites of Myristicaceae which have the potential to be used pharmaceutically. Relevant publications were retrieved from online databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed Central, Science Direct and the distribution of the hallucinogens among the family was compiled. The review revealed that the biosynthesis of serotonin in plants was catalysed by
tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H) and tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (TPH), whereas in invertebrates and vertebrates only by tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (TPH). Indolethylamine-N-methyltransferase catalyses the biosynthesis of DMT in plants and the brains of humans and other mammals. Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase catalyses the biosynthesis of both phenylpropanoids and tryptamines in plants. All the hallucinogenic markers exhibited neuropsychiatric effects in humans as mechanistic convergence. The review noted that DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and β-carbolines were natural protectants against both plant stress and neurodegenerative human ailments. The protein sequence data of tryptophan 5-hydroxylase and
tryptamine 5-hydroxylase retrieved from NCBI showed a co-evolutionary relationship in between animals and plants on the phylogenetic framework of a Maximum Parsimony tree. The review also demonstrates that the biosynthesis of serotonin, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-hydroxy dimethyltryptamine, and β-carbolines in plants, as well as endogenous secretion of these compounds in the brain and blood of humans and rodents, reflects co-evolutionary mutualism in plants and humans.