Canada legalized the use of non-medical cannabis in 2018. This study examines youth and young adults\' knowledge and perceptions of harms, benefits, and education around cannabis use since legalization. An online survey was completed by a convenience sample of 1,759 individuals aged 12-25 years living in Manitoba, Canada. Most participants (n = 1,525, 86.7%) reported receiving education on the potential effects/harms related to cannabis; the most common topics included driving and cannabis use (79.9%), the mental harms of cannabis (67.4%), and addiction and dependency (66.3%). Youth who reported using cannabis more than once (n = 1,203) were more knowledgeable about the effects of cannabis than youth who never used cannabis or used cannabis once (n = 580; mean score: 6.6 versus 5.7 out of 8, respectively; p < .001). Vaping cannabis oil was perceived as the most harmful cannabis product among all participants. Among participants with experience using cannabis, the most frequently reported benefits were relaxation, improved sleep, and enhanced enjoyment of food/music. Half of the participants reported ever being in a car with someone driving high, of which, 40% of these participants reported doing so in the last 30 days. Future tailored education is needed to address knowledge related to cannabis use among youth and young adults who use and do not use cannabis.

OBJECTIVE: To measure changes over time (between 2017 and 2023) in disposable e-cigarette use and popular brands among youth in Canada, England and the United States (US) who vaped.
METHODS: Nine waves of repeat cross-sectional data from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC) Youth Tobacco and Vaping Survey.
METHODS: Online surveys conducted in Canada, England and the US between 2017 and 2023.
METHODS: Youth aged 16 to 19 years who had vaped in the past 30 days (n = 19 710).
METHODS: Usual type (disposable, cartridge/pod, tank) and brand of e-cigarette used; covariates sex at birth, age, race/ethnicity, cigarette smoking status, vaping on ≥20 of the past 30 days.
RESULTS: In 2017, the majority of youth who vaped in the past 30 days reported using refillable tank e-cigarettes, whereas disposable e-cigarettes were the least commonly used product type in Canada (10.0%), England (8.6%) and the US (14.4%). Cartridge/pods overtook tank devices in Canada and the US by 2020; however, by 2023, disposables were the leading type of e-cigarette used by youth who vaped in all three countries (Canada = 58.5%; England = 83.2%; US = 67.3%). The shift to disposables occurred among all socio-demographic groups, with few differences by vaping and smoking status. The percentage of youth who vaped that reported \'no usual\' brand also decreased substantially from 2017 (29% to 42%) to 2023 (11% to 17%). The rise of disposable e-cigarettes appeared to be driven primarily by individual brands in the US (Puff Bar in 2020/2021, Elf Bar in 2022/2023) and England (Elf Bar in 2022/2023).
CONCLUSIONS: The e-cigarette market has evolved rapidly with notable shifts in the types of e-cigarettes used by youth who vape in Canada, England and the United States. Although the timing differed across countries, major shifts in device types appear to be driven by individual brands and were often accompanied by increases in vaping prevalence among youth.

BACKGROUND: Peer influence on risky behavior is particularly potent in adolescence and varies by gender. Smoking prevention programs focused on peer-group leaders have shown great promise, and a social influence model has proven effective in understanding adult smoking networks but has not been applied to adolescent vaping until 2023. This work aims to apply a social influence model to analyze vaping by gender in a high school network.
METHODS: A high school\'s student body was emailed an online survey asking for gender, age, grade level, vape status, and the names of three friends. Custom Java and MATLAB scripts were written to create a directed graph, compute centrality measures, and perform Fisher\'s exact tests to compare centrality measures by demographic variables and vape status.
RESULTS: Of 192 students in the school, 102 students responded. Students who vape were in closer-knit friend groups than students who do not vape (p < .05). Compared to males who vape, females who vape had more social ties to other students who vape, exhibiting greater homophily (p < .01). Compared to females who do not vape, females who vape were in closer-knit friend groups (p < .05) and had more ties to other students who vape (p < .01).
CONCLUSIONS: Differences in vaping by social connectedness and gender necessitate school and state policies incorporating the social aspect of vaping in public health initiatives. Large-scale research should determine if trends can be generalized across student bodies, and more granular studies should investigate differences in motivations and social influence by demographic variables to individualize cessation strategies.

The equine industry contributes $74 billion and provides 1.3 million jobs annually to the United States economy. However, limited information is available on the current salaries and benefits of equine professionals. In 2022, an online survey was conducted to assess salaries, benefits, and education levels of equine professionals across several career types in the equine industry. The survey consisted of 38 questions with conditional branching and was distributed through social media and e-newsletters. Survey branching focused on grouping participants by career type into the following categories: farm management, government, industry, nonprofit, private practice, and university. The most prevalent career type represented was farm management (34%) followed by private practice (18%), academia (17%), industry (15%), nonprofit (12%), and government (4%). Associations between variables were examined with Chi-squared analysis. An association was observed between education level and salary (P = 0.001, X2 = 103.17) with salaries greater than $50,000 being more prevalent with advanced degrees. Similarly, job type and salary were associated (P = 0.001, X2 = 73.47), where salaries for academia and industry careers were often greater than $50,000 and nonprofit and farm management salaries were more often less or equal to $50,000. Compared to professionals in farm management or in private practice, those in academia and government received more benefits (P<0.05). Data collected from this survey creates a baseline for evaluating compensation across the equine industry and exposed opportunities for improvements in future surveys. Outside of industry salary comparisons, survey data can be used by educators to emphasize the benefit of further education to increase salary and benefits.

BACKGROUND: Patient expectations for orthopedic surgeries, and elective shoulder surgery in particular, have been shown to be important for patient outcomes and satisfaction. Current surveys assessing patient expectations lack clinical applicability and allow patients to list multiple expectations at the highest level of importance. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the use of a novel, rank-based survey assessing the relative importance of patient expectations for shoulder surgery.
METHODS: The Preoperative Rank of Expectations for Shoulder Surgery (PRESS) survey was developed by polling 100 patients regarding their expectations for surgery. The PRESS survey consisted of eight common expectations for elective shoulder surgery by importance and a 0-100% scale of expected pain relief and range of motion improvement. After initial development of the PRESS survey, it was administered preoperatively to 316 patients undergoing surgery for shoulder arthritis, rotator cuff tear, subacromial pain syndrome, or glenohumeral instability between August 2020 and April 2021. Patients also completed preoperative outcome measures such as ASES, PROMIS PF, and PROMIS PI surveys. PROM surveys were administered six months postoperatively.
RESULTS: Improvement in range of motion was the expectation most often ranked first for the entire study group (18%), arthritis subgroup (23%), and rotator cuff tear subgroup (19%). Subacromial pain syndrome patients most often ranked improving ability to complete ADL\'s and relieving daytime pain first (19%). Shoulder instability patients most often ranked improving ability to participate in sports first (31%). Patients that ranked improving range of motion or sports highly had better PROMs. Those who ranked relieving pain highly had worse PROMs. Patients with high (>90%) expectations of pain relief had better PROMIS PI scores. Patients with high pain relief expectations in the arthritis and subacromial pain syndrome groups had better PROMs, while patients with instability were less satisfied.
CONCLUSIONS: The novel PRESS survey assesses patient expectations for shoulder surgery in a new, more clinically applicable rank-based format. The responses provided by patients provide actionable information to clinicians and are related to postoperative outcomes. Therefore the PRESS survey represents a useful tool for guiding discussions between patients and surgeons, as well as aiding in overall patient-centered clinical decision making.

OBJECTIVE: Delirium is an acute brain dysfunction associated with an increased risk of mortality and future dementia.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of clinically documented delirium in the United States on World Delirium Awareness Day 2023.
METHODS: Sub-analysis of a prospective, cross-sectional, online, international survey.
METHODS: All healthcare settings were eligible with the exception of operating rooms and outpatient clinics.
METHODS: Healthcare clinicians, administrators, and researchers completed the survey.
METHODS: Prevalence of clinically documented delirium at 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. on March 15, 2023. Secondary outcomes were related to healthcare delivery. Descriptive statistics are reported. Differences between unit types (non-ICU vs ICU) were examined for all outcomes.
RESULTS: Ninety-one hospital units reported on 1,318/1,213 patients. The prevalence of clinically documented delirium was 16.4% (n=216/1,318) at 8:00 a.m., 17.9% (n=217/1,213) at 8:00 p.m. (p= 0.316) and significantly differed between age groups, reported discipline, unit, and hospital types. Significant differences were identified between non-ICU and ICU settings in the use of delirium-related protocols, non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic management, educational processes, and barriers to evidence-based delirium care.
CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiologic survey of clinically documented delirium across two time points in the U.S.. Delirium remains a significant burden and challenge for healthcare systems. The high percentage of units using delirium management protocols suggests administrator and clinician awareness of evidence-based strategies for its detection and mitigation. We provide recommendations for future studies and quality improvement projects to improve clinical recognition and management of delirium.

OBJECTIVE: In Korea, radiology has been positioned towards the early adoption of artificial intelligence-based software as medical devices (AI-SaMDs); however, little is known about the current usage, implementation, and future needs of AI-SaMDs. We surveyed the current trends and expectations for AI-SaMDs among members of the Korean Society of Radiology (KSR).
METHODS: An anonymous and voluntary online survey was open to all KSR members between April 17 and May 15, 2023. The survey was focused on the experiences of using AI-SaMDs, patterns of usage, levels of satisfaction, and expectations regarding the use of AI-SaMDs, including the roles of the industry, government, and KSR regarding the clinical use of AI-SaMDs.
RESULTS: Among the 370 respondents (response rate: 7.7% [370/4792]; 340 board-certified radiologists; 210 from academic institutions), 60.3% (223/370) had experience using AI-SaMDs. The two most common use-case of AI-SaMDs among the respondents were lesion detection (82.1%, 183/223), lesion diagnosis/classification (55.2%, 123/223), with the target imaging modalities being plain radiography (62.3%, 139/223), CT (42.6%, 95/223), mammography (29.1%, 65/223), and MRI (28.7%, 64/223). Most users were satisfied with AI-SaMDs (67.6% [115/170, for improvement of patient management] to 85.1% [189/222, for performance]). Regarding the expansion of clinical applications, most respondents expressed a preference for AI-SaMDs to assist in detection/diagnosis (77.0%, 285/370) and to perform automated measurement/quantification (63.5%, 235/370). Most respondents indicated that future development of AI-SaMDs should focus on improving practice efficiency (81.9%, 303/370) and quality (71.4%, 264/370). Overall, 91.9% of the respondents (340/370) agreed that there is a need for education or guidelines driven by the KSR regarding the use of AI-SaMDs.
CONCLUSIONS: The penetration rate of AI-SaMDs in clinical practice and the corresponding satisfaction levels were high among members of the KSR. Most AI-SaMDs have been used for lesion detection, diagnosis, and classification. Most respondents requested KSR-driven education or guidelines on the use of AI-SaMDs.

BACKGROUND: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1A) medications are gaining widespread popularity for the treatment of obesity. The optimal use of these drugs in pediatric bariatric populations, and especially in those considering metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), is yet to be established. We sought to characterize current practice patterns of GLP-1A use at major pediatric bariatric centers across the United States.
METHODS: We administered an online survey to a purposive sample of 46 surgeons who perform MBS on children and adolescents. Survey questions explored practices prescribing GLP-1As in patients considering MBS, holding them prior to elective operations, and restarting them postoperatively following MBS. Responses were summarized with descriptive statistics and inductive content analysis.
RESULTS: There were 22 responses (48% response rate) representing 19 institutions. Most (86%) respondents do sometimes prescribe GLP-1As for patients considering MBS, but the specific indications vary. Practices for holding GLP-1As preoperatively also vary, from not at all to holding for 2 wk. Over half (55%) of respondents sometimes restart GLP-1As after MBS. Free-response themes included still-evolving preoperative utilization patterns, difficulty with access and insurance coverage, and a lack of data informing GLP-1A use in the pre and postoperative periods.
CONCLUSIONS: Given the increasing use of these medications for weight loss purposes, this substantial variation in practice highlights a need for further research to examine the safest and most effective use of GLP-1As in the pre and postoperative periods and for practice guidelines to standardize care pathways in pediatric bariatric contexts.

BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, ultrasound utilization has increased within anesthesia and intensive care medicine, enhancing patient safety and diagnostic accuracy. However, the frequency of ultrasound usage and operator training in the Nordic countries remain unclear. This project aims to perform a survey on ultrasound availability, daily clinical use, and how ultrasound skills are trained and assessed, among anesthesiologists.
METHODS: This online cross-sectional survey will include anesthesiologists from the Nordic countries. The survey will adhere to the CROSS checklist. Survey items will be developed based on a formative model with a conceptual model, consisting of three main parts, including demographics, ultrasound machines and use, and skills development and assessment. The clinical relevance of items will be secured by including anesthesiologists of various levels of experience in the development of the survey. Furthermore, experienced researchers in medical education will participate in the development, contributing with relevant medical educational perspectives. Data will be summarized using a non-parametric descriptive approach. A chi-squared test will examine relevant relationships between certain answers.
RESULTS: Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant scientific conferences and meetings.
CONCLUSIONS: This study may find a high availability of ultrasound machines and frequent use in the clinical departments. Despite this expected daily use of ultrasound, missing standardized structured skills acquisition and assessment could be uncovered. The results of this study may contribute to mapping various aspects of clinical ultrasound and skills development for further use in research.

UNASSIGNED: Colombia is a Latin American country with a very complex social and political context that has not allowed the allocation of sufficient resources to the fields of science, technology, and innovation (STI). This is particularly worrying for the area of health since not enough resources are allocated for public health, research, or education.
UNASSIGNED: The so-called \"Great Survey in Health 2019\" was administered online through the SurveyMonkey platform to 5298 people in different regions of the country, representing the public, private, and academic sectors. The questionnaire consisted of 46 open and closed questions, including demographic inquiries. Data analysis involved textual analytics and sentiment analysis.
UNASSIGNED: Overall, 56% of those surveyed were women within the adult life cycle. Most respondents had a postgraduate education. Greater participation was observed in the Oriental, Bogotá, and Antioquia regions, which also concentrate the largest number of resources for STI. Among the main recommendations derived from the results, priorities include investing in research, personalised medicine, promoting the social appropriation of knowledge, addressing mental health, regulating research through a statute, promoting undergraduate research, and establishing recertification exams to pursue excellence.
UNASSIGNED: The results of this original study serve as a fundamental input to promote and strengthen the STI processes in life sciences and health. They serve as a guide to generate public policies and actions that guarantee better health and well-being for the Colombian population, strategically proposing a clear roadmap for the next 20 years.