Clonostachys(Bionectriaceae,Hyprocreales)物种是常见的土传真菌,内生菌,附生植物,和虐待狂.Clonostachysspp的性形态。被放置在Bionectria属中,它被进一步分隔成六个亚属天体,Bionectria,顿叶,Myronectria,Uniparietina,和Zebrinella.然而,随着双重命名法的结束,Clonostachys成为有性和无性形态代表物种的单一存放处。Clonostachys的物种通常以青霉素为特征,孢子囊,and,在许多情况下,双形分生孢子(初级和次级分生孢子)。初级分生孢子是单孢子,或者像黄萎病一样的或者狭青霉。次级分生孢子通常形成包瓦状分生孢子链,可以塌陷成粘液团,特别是在sporodochia上。在本研究中,我们调查了从培养物中收集的420株Clonostachys中的物种多样性,和个人收藏,乌得勒支的Westerdijk真菌生物多样性研究所,荷兰。根据菌株的形态特征和分子系统发育进行了分析。后者使用核核糖体内部转录间隔区和插入5.8SnrDNA(ITS)和部分28S大亚基(LSU)nrDNA和部分蛋白质编码基因的DNA序列数据,包括RNA聚合酶II第二大亚基(RPB2),翻译延伸因子1-α(TEF1)和β-微管蛋白(TUB2)。基于这些结果,占星亚属,Bionectria,Clonostachys支持Myronectria和Zebrinella。此外,Sesquicillium属被复活,以适应前亚属Epiphloea和Uniparietina。Clonostachys和Sesquicillium的密切关系得到了强有力的支持,因为两者在系统发育上都被推断为姐妹属。新分类群包括24个新物种和10个新组合。对Sesquicillium的识别将通常在植物组织上表面形成减少的包膜基质的物种与通常发育良好的Clonostachys中的物种区分开来,穿过树皮erumpentstromata。观察到的子宫周壁解剖结构的模式,周壁和基质界面,先前汇编的专着中描述的无性形态多样化用于解释祖先国家的重建。推断Clonostachys和Sesquicillium的共同祖先可能在叶片上表面形成了鞘膜,拥有由单个区域组成的周壁,并在分生孢子的青霉中形成了丛生phialides。字符解释还可以假设,然后在两个属中独立发生了变体的多样化,并且经常与基质相连的Clonostachys变体随着木质寄主壁龛和霉菌的占据而进化。分类新颖性:新物种:ClonostachysaurantiacaL.Zhao和Crous,克洛诺斯塔奇澳大利亚L.Zhao&Crous,ClonostachysbambusaeL.Zhao和Crous,ClonostachysbuxicolaL.Zhao和Crous,ClonostachyscylindricaL.Zhao和Crous,ClonostachysellipsoideaL.Zhao和Crous,ClonostachysflavaL.Zhao,Crous&Schroers,福建华氏杆菌赵和克鲁,ClonostachysfuscaL.Zhao,Crous&Schroers,ClonostachysgarysamuelsiiL.Zhao和Crous,香港克罗诺斯塔奇斯·赵和克鲁斯,ClonostachyslonggiphialicaL.Zhao,Crous&Schroers,Clonostachysobovatispora,L.Zhao&Crous,ClonostachyspalmaeL.Zhao,Crous&Schroers,ClonostachysparasporodochialisL.Zhao和Crous,CloonostachyspenicillataL.Zhao,Crous&Schroers,肾形ClonostachysL.Zhao和Crous,ClonostachysvuluolataL.Zhao,Crous&Schroers,委内瑞拉ClonostachysL.Zhao,Crous&Schroers,合线菌L.Zhao和Crous,NectriopsisdidymiiL.Zhao和Crous,SesquicilliumintermediophialidicumL.Zhao&Crous,新半霉Zhao&Crous,SesquicilliumsymmetricumL.Zhao&Crous。新组合:球菌(J.A.Stev。)L、赵和克罗斯,Mycocitruscoxeniae(Y.P.Tan等人。)L、赵和克罗斯,Sesquicliumessexcoeniae(Y.P.Tan等人。)L、赵和克罗斯,巴西半霉(Samuels)L.Zhao,Crous&Schroers,侧基霉菌(Schroers)L.Zhao,Crous&Schroers,黄褐斑(Schroers)L.Zhao,Crous&Schroers,Sesquicilliumsaulense(Lechat&J.Fourn.)L、赵和克罗斯,Sesquicliumsesquicillii(Samuels)L.Zhao,Crous&Schroers,Sesquicilliumspinulosissporum(Lechat&J.Fourn.)L、赵和克罗斯,Sesquicilliumtornatum(Höhn。)施罗德。新同义词:ClonostachysaranearumW.H.Chen等人。,华氏杆菌黄杨和王勇,ClonostachyseriocamoresianaR.H.Perera&K.D.Hyde,Clonostachysgranuligera(Starbäck)Forin&Vizzini,ClonostachysindicaPrasher&R.Chauhan,ClonostachysspinulosaR.H.Perera等人。,Clonostachyssquamuligera(Sacc.)Forin&Vizzini,Clonostachyswenpingii(J.罗和壮)Z.Q.曾和壮。原型(基本名称):FusidiumbuxiJ.C.SchmidtexLink,黄萎病菌.引文:赵L,GroenewaldJZ,Hernández-RestrepoM,SchroersH-J,克罗斯PW(2023年)。修改Bionectriacae中的Clonostachys及其相关属。真菌学研究105:205-266。doi:10.3114/sim.2023.105.03。
Clonostachys (Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales) species are common soil-borne fungi, endophytes, epiphytes, and saprotrophs. Sexual morphs of Clonostachys spp. were placed in the genus Bionectria, which was further segregated into the six subgenera Astromata, Bionectria, Epiphloea, Myronectria, Uniparietina, and Zebrinella. However, with the end of dual nomenclature, Clonostachys became the single depository for sexual and asexual morph-typified species. Species of Clonostachys are typically characterised by penicillate, sporodochial, and, in many cases, dimorphic conidiophores (primary and secondary conidiophores). Primary conidiophores are mononematous, either verticillium-like or narrowly penicillate. The secondary conidiophores generally form imbricate conidial chains that can collapse to slimy masses, particularly on sporodochia. In the present study, we investigated the species diversity within a collection of 420 strains of Clonostachys from the culture collection of, and personal collections at, the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Strains were analysed based on their morphological characters and molecular phylogeny. The latter used DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions and intervening 5.8S nrDNA (ITS) and partial 28S large subunit (LSU) nrDNA and partial protein encoding genes including the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) and β-tubulin (TUB2). Based on these results, the subgenera Astromata, Bionectria, Myronectria and Zebrinella are supported within Clonostachys. Furthermore, the genus Sesquicillium is resurrected to accommodate the former subgenera Epiphloea and Uniparietina. The close relationship of Clonostachys and Sesquicillium is strongly supported as both are inferred phylogenetically as sister-genera. New taxa include 24 new species and 10 new combinations. Recognition of Sesquicillium distinguishes species typically forming a reduced perithecial stroma superficially on plant tissue from species in Clonostachys often forming well-developed, through bark erumpent stromata. The patterns of observed perithecial wall anatomies, perithecial wall and stroma interfaces, and asexual morph diversifications described in a previously compiled monograph are used for interpreting ancestral state reconstructions. It is inferred that the common ancestor of Clonostachys and Sesquicillium may have formed perithecia superficially on leaves, possessed a perithecial wall consisting of a single region, and formed intercalary phialides in penicilli of conidiophores. Character interpretation may also allow hypothesising that diversification of morphs occurred then in the two genera independently and that the frequently stroma-linked Clonostachys morphs evolved together with the occupation of woody host niches and mycoparasitism. Taxonomic novelties: New species: Clonostachys aurantiaca L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys australiana L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys bambusae L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys buxicola L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys cylindrica L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys ellipsoidea L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys flava L. Zhao, Crous & Schroers, Clonostachys fujianensis L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys fusca L. Zhao, Crous & Schroers, Clonostachys garysamuelsii L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys hongkongensis L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys longiphialidica L. Zhao, Crous & Schroers, Clonostachys obovatispora, L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys palmae L. Zhao, Crous & Schroers, Clonostachys parasporodochialis L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys penicillata L. Zhao, Crous & Schroers, Clonostachys reniformis L. Zhao & Crous, Clonostachys vacuolata L. Zhao, Crous & Schroers, Clonostachys venezuelae L. Zhao, Crous & Schroers, Mycocitrus synnematus L. Zhao & Crous, Nectriopsis didymii L. Zhao & Crous, Sesquicillium intermediophialidicum L. Zhao & Crous, Sesquicillium neerlandicum L. Zhao & Crous, Sesquicillium symmetricum L. Zhao & Crous. New combinations: Mycocitrus coccicola (J.A. Stev.) L. Zhao & Crous, Mycocitrus coxeniae (Y.P. Tan et al.) L. Zhao & Crous, Sesquicillium essexcoheniae (Y.P. Tan et al.) L. Zhao & Crous, Sesquicillium lasiacidis (Samuels) L. Zhao, Crous & Schroers, Sesquicillium phyllophilum (Schroers) L. Zhao, Crous & Schroers, Sesquicillium rossmaniae (Schroers) L. Zhao, Crous & Schroers, Sesquicillium saulense (Lechat & J. Fourn.) L. Zhao & Crous, Sesquicillium sesquicillii (Samuels) L. Zhao, Crous & Schroers, Sesquicillium spinulosisporum (Lechat & J. Fourn.) L. Zhao & Crous, Sesquicillium tornatum (Höhn.) Schroers. New synonyms: Clonostachys aranearum W.H. Chen et al., Clonostachys chuyangsinensis H. Yu & Y. Wang, Clonostachys eriocamporesiana R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde, Clonostachys granuligera (Starbäck) Forin & Vizzini, Clonostachys indica Prasher & R. Chauhan, Clonostachys spinulosa R.H. Perera et al., Clonostachys squamuligera (Sacc.) Forin & Vizzini, Clonostachys wenpingii (J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang) Z.Q. Zeng & W.Y. Zhuang. Epitypes (basionyms): Fusidium buxi J.C. Schmidt ex Link, Verticillium candelabrum Bonord. Citation: Zhao L, Groenewald JZ, Hernández-Restrepo M, Schroers H-J, Crous PW (2023). Revising Clonostachys and allied genera in Bionectriaceae. Studies in Mycology 105: 205-266. doi: 10.3114/sim.2023.105.03.