This study investigates the effectiveness of multiple COVID-19 vaccinations on daily confirmed cases in Seoul City. Utilizing comprehensive data on vaccinated individuals and confirmed cases sourced from the official website of the Korean Ministry of the Interior and Safety, we conducted detailed statistical analyses to assess the impact of each vaccination dose. The study covers data from April 21, 2021, to September 29, 2022. Statistical multiple linear regression was employed to analyze the relationship between daily confirmed cases (positive outcomes from PCR tests) and multiple vaccine doses, using p-values as the criteria for determining the effectiveness of each dose. The analysis included data from four vaccination doses. The analysis reveals that the first, second, and third doses of the COVID-19 vaccines have a statistically significant positive effect associated with the daily confirmed cases. However, the study finds that the fourth dose does not show a statistically significant impact on the reduction of daily confirmed cases. This suggests that while the initial three doses are crucial for establishing and maintaining high levels of immunity, the incremental benefit of subsequent doses may diminish.

Background Acute ischemic stroke, particularly in cases involving large vessel occlusion (LVO), poses a significant challenge due to the potential for rapid infarct expansion in the early phase. Such expansion, if not managed promptly, can lead to severe neurological deficits and poor clinical outcomes. Understanding the contributing factors that accelerate early infarct expansion is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies and improving patient prognosis. The main aim of the study is to determine the factors contributing to rapid early infarct expansion in acute ischemic stroke patients with LVO. Methodology The retrospective study was conducted at Liaquat National Hospital in Karachi from August 2023 to December 2023. Data were collected from 685 patients with anterior circulation LVO-related acute stroke with witnessed stroke onset and baseline perfusion imaging. Extracted clinical data included age, gender, medical history (hypertension, diabetes, etc.), and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores. Results The mean age of the included patients was 67.4 years, with a relatively balanced gender distribution, i.e., 48.5% male (n = 332) and 51.5% female (n = 353). The mean baseline NIHSS score was 14.2, reflecting initial neurological severity. Imaging parameters revealed that 294 (42.6%) patients exhibited infarct expansion, with an average penumbra size of 23.5 mL. Hypoperfusion intensity ratio (HIR) quartiles demonstrated a notable association with progression rates, escalating from 27 (4%) patients in the first quartile to approximately 527 (77%) patients in the fourth quartile, highlighting a significant correlation between HIR and infarct expansion (p < 0.001). Conclusions HIR emerged as a pivotal factor strongly associated with rapid infarct expansion, underscoring its significance in predicting the trajectory of ischemic injury.

Staple foods serve as vital nutrient sources for the human body, and chewiness is an essential aspect of food texture. Age, specific preferences, and diminished eating functions have broadened the chewiness requirements for staple foods. Therefore, comprehending the formation mechanism of chewiness in staple foods and exploring approaches to modulate it becomes imperative. This article reviewed the formation mechanisms and quality control methods for chewiness in several of the most common staple foods (rice, noodles, potatoes and bread). It initially summarized the chewiness formation mechanisms under three distinct thermal processing methods: water medium, oil medium, and air medium processing. Subsequently, proposed some effective approaches for regulating chewiness based on mechanistic changes. Optimizing raw material composition, controlling processing conditions, and adopting innovative processing techniques can be utilized. Nonetheless, the precise adjustment of staple foods\' chewiness remains a challenge due to their diversity and technical study limitations. Hence, further in-depth exploration of chewiness across different staple foods is warranted.

Overconfidence in statistical results in medicine is fueled by improper practices and historical biases afflicting the concept of statistical significance. In particular, the dichotomization of significance (i.e., significant vs. not significant), blending of Fisherian and Neyman-Pearson approaches, magnitude and nullification fallacies, and other fundamental misunderstandings distort the purpose of statistical investigations entirely, impacting their ability to inform public health decisions or other fields of science in general. For these reasons, the international statistical community has attempted to propose various alternatives or different interpretative modes. However, as of today, such misuses still prevail. In this regard, the present paper discusses the use of multiple confidence (or, more aptly, compatibility) intervals to address these issues at their core. Additionally, an extension of the concept of confidence interval, called surprisal interval (S-interval), is proposed in the realm of statistical surprisal. The aforementioned is based on comparing the statistical surprise to an easily interpretable phenomenon, such as obtaining S consecutive heads when flipping a fair coin. This allows for a complete departure from the notions of statistical significance and confidence, which carry with them longstanding misconceptions.

Currently, scarcity/security of clean water and energy resources are the most serious problems worldwide. Industries use large volume of ground water and a variety of chemicals to manufacture the products and discharge large volume of wastewater into environment, which causes severe impacts on environment and public health. Fossil fuels are considered as major energy resources for electricity and transportation sectors, which release large amount of CO2 and micro/macro pollutants, leading to cause the global warming and public health hazards. Therefore, algae-bacterial consortium (A-BC) may be eco-friendly, cost-effective and sustainable alternative way to treat the industrial wastewaters (IWWs) with Bio-H2 production. A-BC has potential to reduce the global warming and eutrophication. It also protects environment and public health as it converts toxic IWWs into non or less toxic (biomass). It also reduces 94%, 90% and 50% input costs of nutrients, freshwater and energy, respectively during IWWs treatment and Bio-H2 production. Most importantly, it produce sustainable alternative (Bio-H2) to replace use of fossil fuels and fill the world\'s energy demand in eco-friendly manner. Thus, this review paper provides a detailed knowledge on industrial wastewaters, their pollutants and toxic effects on water/soil/plant/humans and animals. It also provides an overview on A-BC, IWWs treatment, Bio-H2 production, fermentation process and its enhancement methods. Further, various molecular and analytical techniques are also discussed to characterize the A-BC structure, interactions, metabolites and Bio-H2 yield. The significance of A-BC, recent update, challenges and future prospects are also discussed.

Misinterpretations of P-values and 95% confidence intervals are ubiquitous in medical research. Specifically, the terms significance or confidence, extensively used in medical papers, ignore biases and violations of statistical assumptions and hence should be called overconfidence terms. In this paper, we present the compatibility view of P-values and confidence intervals; the P-value is interpreted as an index of compatibility between data and the model, including the test hypothesis and background assumptions, whereas a confidence interval is interpreted as the range of parameter values that are compatible with the data under background assumptions. We also suggest the use of a surprisal measure, often referred to as the S-value, a novel metric that transforms the P-value, for gauging compatibility in terms of an intuitive experiment of coin tossing.

Tables and charts have long been seen as effective ways to convey data. Much attention has been focused on improving charts, following ideas of human perception and brain function. Tables can also be viewed as two-dimensional representations of data; yet, it is only fairly recently that we have begun to apply principles of design that aid the communication of information between the author and reader. In this study, we collated guidelines for the design of data and statistical tables. These guidelines fall under three principles: aiding comparisons, reducing visual clutter, and increasing readability. We surveyed tables published in recent issues of 43 journals in the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology for their adherence to these three principles, as well as author guidelines on journal publisher websites. We found that most of the over 1000 tables we sampled had no heavy grid lines and little visual clutter. They were also easy to read, with clear headers and horizontal orientation. However, most tables did not aid the vertical comparison of numeric data. We suggest that authors could improve their tables by the right-flush alignment of numeric columns typeset with a tabular font, clearly identify statistical significance, and use clear titles and captions. Journal publishers could easily implement these formatting guidelines when typesetting manuscripts.

Much academic and media attention has been focused on how nature contributes to psychological health, yet, most of this focus has been on happiness or hedonic well-being. Although numerous writers and researchers have linked connecting with nature as a pathway to meaning in life, an integrated overview has not yet (to our knowledge) been offered. Our manuscript is thus of both theoretical and practical importance with respect to finding meaning in life. In this hybrid commentary/review paper, we examine the link between meaning in life and relating to the beyond-human natural world. Through presenting supportive empirical research and interdisciplinary insights, we make the case that connecting with the natural world provides us with meaning in various ways. We discuss how nature is a common source of meaning in people\'s lives and how connecting with nature helps to provide meaning by addressing our need to find coherence, significance/mattering, and purpose (the three aspects comprising the tripartite model of meaning life). We also consider how connecting with nature enhances our experiential appreciation for life, a fourth aspect of meaning in life recently proposed. Our discussion then expands to examining nature as a place of attachment. Going beyond how nature provides us with meaning, we consider how engaging in nature-based activities provides an avenue for many people to build meaningful lives. We close by considering how threats to nature are a threat to meaning in life.

Each research roves around the P value. A value less than 0.05 is considered to be statistically significant. Very few researchers are aware of the history, real-world significance, statistical insight, and in-depth criticism about this monumental alphabet of research. This article will provide detailed insight into the most common molecule of research which will be rewarding for the young students and researchers in the primary world of research. It is not a simple value; it is the longest and broadest description of research squeezed to a number for the ground level worker to the principal investigator. The present review will provide a detailed and unique insight into the P value which would be rewarding for the primary care physicians toward translating research into their clinical practice.

One of the oldest scientific theories of human aggression is the frustration-aggression hypothesis, advanced in 1939. Although this theory has received considerable empirical support and is alive and well today, its underlying mechanisms have not been adequately explored. In this article, we examine major findings and concepts from extant psychological research on hostile aggression and offer an integrative conception: aggression is a primordial means for establishing one\'s sense of significance and mattering, thus addressing a fundamental social-psychological need. Our functional portrayal of aggression as a means to significance yields four testable hypotheses: (1) frustration will elicit hostile aggression proportionately to the extent that the frustrated goal serves the individual\'s need for significance, (2) the impulse to aggress in response to significance loss will be enhanced in conditions that limit the individual\'s ability to reflect and engage in extensive information processing (that may bring up alternative, socially condoned means to significance), (3) significance-reducing frustration will elicit hostile aggression unless the impulse to aggress is substituted by a nonaggressive means of significance restoration, (4) apart from significance loss, an opportunity for significance gain can increase the impulse to aggress. These hypotheses are supported by extant data as well as novel research findings in real-world contexts. They have important implications for understanding human aggression and the conditions under which it is likely to be manifested and reduced.