背景:尽管人类对环境化学物质的生物监测被认为是黄金标准,这些方法可能很昂贵,繁重的,并且容易出现可能导致混淆的不必要的变异性来源。硅胶腕带最近已成为用于测量个人曝光的创新无源采样器。
方法:在2019-2021年的一项试点研究中,涉及西雅图和亚基马的55名5-9岁儿童,华盛顿,我们利用硅胶腕带探索社会人口统计学变量和COVID-19相关限制的关联,包括关闭学校,接触多种化学品,包括溴化和有机磷酸酯(OPE)阻燃剂,多氯联苯,多环芳烃(PAHs),邻苯二甲酸酯,和杀虫剂。我们还进行了第一次分析测试硅胶腕带化学物质作为儿童喘息的预测因子,通过逻辑加权分位数和回归(WQS)单独和混合。
结果:在测量的109种半挥发性有机化合物中,我们检测到超过60%的儿童连续佩戴腕带平均5天。化学品总体上呈正相关,尤其是在同一个班级里。男性性别和年龄增长与几种化学类别的较高暴露有关;西班牙裔/拉丁裔种族与某些邻苯二甲酸盐和OPEs的较高暴露有关。COVID-19的限制与溴化和三芳基OPE阻燃剂的腕带浓度较低有关。每提高十分之一的WQS暴露指数暗示与儿童喘息的2.11倍[95%CI:0.93-4.80]较高的几率相关。PAH每增加10倍,儿童喘息的风险就更高(RR=1.93[1.07-3.49]),农药顺式氯菊酯(3.31[1.23-8.91]),和邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)(5.40[1.22-24.0])结论:我们对人口统计学因素的识别,包括性别,年龄,与化学品暴露相关的种族可能有助于努力减轻暴露差异。在大流行限制期间,较低的阻燃剂暴露量证实了先前的证据,即学校与家庭环境中这些化学物质的含量较高。需要在更大的队列中进行未来的研究来验证这些发现。
BACKGROUND: Although human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals has been considered a gold standard, these methods can be costly, burdensome, and prone to unwanted sources of variability that may cause confounding. Silicone wristbands have recently emerged as innovative passive samplers for measuring personal exposures.
METHODS: In a pilot study from 2019 to 2021 involving 55 children aged 5-9 years in Seattle and Yakima, Washington, we utilized silicone wristbands to explore associations of sociodemographic variables and COVID-19-related restrictions, including school closures, with exposures to numerous chemicals including brominated and organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and pesticides. We additionally conducted the first analysis testing silicone wristband chemicals as predictors of child wheeze, individually and in mixtures via logistic weighted quantile sum regression (WQS).
RESULTS: Among 109 semi-volatile organic compounds measured, we detected 40 in >60% of wristbands worn by children continuously for an average of 5 days. Chemicals were generally positively correlated, especially within the same class. Male sex and increasing age were linked with higher exposures across several chemical classes; Hispanic/Latino ethnicity was linked with higher exposures to some phthalates and OPEs. COVID-19 restrictions were associated with lower wristband concentrations of brominated and triaryl OPE flame retardants. Each one-decile higher WQS exposure index was suggestively associated with 2.11-fold [95% CI: 0.93-4.80] higher odds of child wheeze. Risk of child wheeze was higher per 10-fold increase in the PAH chrysene (RR = 1.93[1.07-3.49]), the pesticide cis-permethrin (3.31[1.23-8.91]), and di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) (5.40[1.22-24.0]) CONCLUSIONS: Our identification of demographic factors including sex, age, and ethnicity associated with chemical exposures may aid efforts to mitigate exposure disparities. Lower exposures to flame retardants during pandemic restrictions corroborates prior evidence of higher levels of these chemicals in school versus home environments. Future research in larger cohorts is needed to validate these findings.