BACKGROUND: Civic engagement (CE) in adolescence is associated with a higher level of engagement in adulthood and is reported to be beneficial to youth\'s development and societal well-being. Parents are among the most influential factors in adolescents\' lives. This study examined the associations between parents\' own civic participation, their negative beliefs toward youth CE and their child\'s future CE. While prior research documented positive associations between parental civic behaviors and youth CE, the role of parental negative beliefs has remained unexplored and could act as an additional barrier to adolescents\' CE.
METHODS: A total of 234 adolescents (65% girls; mean age = 13.77) and their parents (79% mothers; mean age = 44.20), residing in the Canadian province of Quebec from 2016 to 2019, were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Parents completed measures of their civic activities and their negative beliefs regarding youth CE. Adolescents completed measures of future civic attitudes and behaviors.
RESULTS: Hierarchical regressions revealed significant positive cross-sectional associations between parental civic behaviors and their child\'s future civic attitudes and behaviors. However, parental negative beliefs toward youth CE were negatively associated with youths\' future civic attitudes and behaviors, even after considering parental civic behaviors and family socioeconomic status. Adolescents\' age did not moderate these relationships.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the significant role that parents could play in shaping CE of future generations. Interventions promoting youth CE should thus target both adolescents and their parents.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to scrutinize how online occupational therapy group training for mothers influenced their attitudes and stress levels relating to feeding their children and the eating behaviours of the children. The secondary purpose of the study is to evaluate the satisfaction of the participants of this program. Twenty-nine mothers of children aged 3-6 years, experiencing feeding issues, were randomly allocated to either an intervention or control group.
BACKGROUND: Feeding problems including selective eating, loss of appetite, and mealtime behaviour problems are prevalent during childhood. Parents play a fundamental role in acquiring knowledge about feeding. Problems in the feeding process may lead to parental stress, feelings of despair, and incorrect attitudes.
RESULTS: The mothers in the research group participated in the 4-week training. Results indicated positive effects on both maternal attitudes and their children\'s eating behaviours (p < 0.05). No significant change was found in mothers\' state and trait anxiety levels (p > 0.05). Participants were asked to score their satisfaction level with the program between 1 and 10, and the average of the scores was 9.78 ± 0.42.
CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that online group education for mothers can support existing treatments and guide clinicians working with children with feeding problems.

UNASSIGNED: Data from recent years show that the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reduced the scope of child immunisation worldwide. If the numbers continue to fall, we may have a vaccination crisis. In order to understand the local factors of this phenomenon, we studied parents\' viewpoint towards childhood vaccination in Lithuania. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the impact of parental attitudes on children\'s vaccination.
UNASSIGNED: A web-based cross-sectional study was made in Lithuania from October 20th to November 3rd, 2020, using Google Forms. An anonymous questionnaire included both quantitative and qualitative questions. The questionnaire was distributed to the general population in Lithuania via social media and a snowball sampling. Only parents who have at least one child under 18 years old were involved in the study. We analysed the parents\' attitudes towards vaccination by their socioeconomic and demographic determinants using MS Excel and OpenEpi tools. The respondents were considered vaccine supporters if they vaccinated all their children with state-reimbursed vaccines or only vaccinated some of their children, and vaccine sceptics if they did not vaccinate their children with state-reimbursed vaccines.
UNASSIGNED: The population of our research consisted of 775 parents. There were more males against vaccination than females, respectively, 59.6% and 33.2%. 65.0% of all respondents stated that they vaccinated their children with the full course of vaccines, while the remaining 35.0% did not vaccinate. University-level education dominated in both pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine groups. We found that 16.9% of parents who were unvaccinated as children themselves tend not to vaccinate their children. However, in the pro-vaxx group, only 0.7% of parents were unvaccinated during childhood. 50.8% of vaccine sceptics were not fully informed by healthcare professionals about the benefits and risks of vaccination, while only 31.6% of vaccine supporters were not informed. Social environment did not have an impact on the decision whether to vaccinate or not to vaccinate a child among both vaccine advocates and vaccine deniers (accordingly, 51.2% and 42.9%). 29.3% of respondents stated that the cost of paid vaccinations was too high. Open-text survey responses gave us more in-depth insight about the parental decision-making process. Protection of children and society from infectious diseases (31.7%) was mentioned as the main reason for vaccination. Whereas vaccine-hesitant parents were mostly concerned about already-occurring side effects or their risk (43.4%).
UNASSIGNED: Our findings confirmed that vaccine hesitancy was associated with not being vaccinated in childhood themselves, lack of information from medical practitioners and male gender. The price of vaccines also had an impact on immunisation rates - more than one-third of the vaccine supporting parents indicated that the cost of paid vaccinations was too high. The main incentive for vaccine compliance was parents\' desire to protect their children and society from infectious diseases. Whereas vaccine-hesitant parents were mostly concerned about already occurring side effects or their risk. There was no consensus, whether vaccination of children should be mandatory in Lithuania, as the answers to the question were almost evenly distributed. The formation of parents\' attitudes towards children\'s vaccination is a complex process that is determined by parents\' attitudes towards the health care system, lack of trust in doctors, and gaps in communication about the benefits and risks of vaccination. All of this information should be taken into account in health policy-making.
UNASSIGNED: Pastarųjų metų duomenys rodo, kad COVID-19 pandemija labai sumažino vaikų imunizacijos mastą visame pasaulyje. Jei skaičiai ir toliau mažės, gali kilti vakcinacijos krizė. Siekdami suprasti lokalias šio reiškinio priežastis, tyrėme tėvų požiūrį į skiepijimą Lietuvoje. Todėl šiuo tyrimu buvo siekiama nustatyti tėvų požiūrio įtaką vaikų skiepijimui.
UNASSIGNED: Lietuvos populiacijoje buvo atliktas skerspjūvio tyrimas nuo 2020 m. spalio 20 d. iki lapkričio 3 d., internete, naudojant ,,Google“ formas. Anoniminėje anketoje buvo pateikti tiek kiekybiniai, tiek kokybiniai klausimai. Anketa buvo išplatinta per socialinius tinklus bei naudojant „sniego gniūžtės“ atranką. Tyrime galėjo dalyvauti tik tėvai, turintys bent vieną vaiką iki 18 metų amžiaus. Gautus duomenis apie tėvų požiūrį į vaikų skiepijimą pagal socialinius, ekonominius ir demografinius veiksnius išanalizavome naudodami MS Excel ir OpenEpi įrankius. Respondentai buvo laikomi skiepų šalininkais, jei jie skiepijo savo vaikus valstybės kompensuojamomis vakcinomis arba skiepijo tik kai kuriuos vaikus. Tuo tarpu, vakcinacijos oponentais – jei neskiepijo savo vaikų valstybės kompensuojamomis vakcinomis.
UNASSIGNED: Mūsų tyrime dalyvavo 775 tėvai. Vakcinacijos oponentų vyrų buvo daugiau nei moterų, atitinkamai 59.6% ir 33.2%. 65.0% visų apklaustųjų nurodė, kad savo vaikus skiepija visu skiepų kursu, o likę 35.0% – neskiepijo. Universitetinis išsilavinimas dominavo tiek vakcinuojančių, tiek nevakcinuojančiųjų grupėse. Nustatėme, kad 16.9% tėvų, kurie patys vaikystėje buvo neskiepyti, yra linkę neskiepyti savo vaikų. Tačiau vakcinuojančiųjų grupėje tik 0.7% tėvų buvo neskiepyti vaikystėje. 50.8% vakcinacijos skeptikų teigė, jog sveikatos priežiūros specialistai neinformavo jų apie skiepijimo naudą ir riziką, tuo tarpu tik 31.6% vakcinacijai pritariančiųjų nebuvo informuoti. Socialinė aplinka neturėjo įtakos apsisprendimui, ar skiepyti vaiką tiek tarp skiepų šalininkų, tiek skiepų oponentų (atitinkamai: 51.2% ir 42.9%). 29.3% respondentų teigė, kad mokamų skiepų kaina yra per didelė. Atviro klausimo atsakymai suteikė mums išsamesnės informacijos apie tėvų sprendimų priėmimo procesą. Pagrindinis skiepijimo motyvas buvo vaikų ir visuomenės apsauga nuo infekcinių ligų (31.7%). Tuo tarpu skiepyti nesiryžę tėvai nerimavo dėl jau pasireiškusių šalutinių poveikių ar jų rizikos (43.4%).
UNASSIGNED: Mūsų išvados patvirtino, kad nenoras skiepyti savo vaikų buvo susijęs su pačių tėvų vakcinacijos statusu vaikystėje, informacijos iš gydytojų stoka ir vyriška lytimi. Skiepijimo apimtims įtakos turėjo ir skiepų kaina – daugiau nei trečdalis skiepijimui pritariančių tėvų nurodė, kad mokamų skiepų kaina yra per didelė. Pagrindinė paskata skiepyti buvo tėvų noras apsaugoti savo vaikus ir visuomenę nuo infekcinių ligų. Tuo tarpu vakcinacijos oponentai dažniausiai nerimavo dėl jau pasireiškusių šalutinių poveikių ar jų rizikos. Vieningos nuomonės, ar Lietuvoje privaloma skiepyti vaikus, nebuvo, nes atsakymai į klausimą pasiskirstė beveik po lygiai. Tėvų požiūrio į vaikų skiepijimą formavimasis yra sudėtingas procesas, kurį lemia tėvų požiūris į sveikatos priežiūros sistemą, nepasitikėjimas gydytojais bei komunikacijos apie skiepijimo naudą ir riziką spragos. Į visus šiuos aspektus reikėtų atsižvelgti formuojant sveikatos politiką.

UNASSIGNED: Various factors are thought to be involved in the development of depression, but the mechanisms are not yet clear. Although several reports have demonstrated that parental attitude experienced in childhood, depressive rumination, and sleep disturbances each influence depressive symptoms, and the association between two of these four variables, to our knowledge, no reports to date have investigated the association among the four variables.
UNASSIGNED: A questionnaire survey was administered to 576 adults who agreed to participate in this study between April 2017 and April 2018. Questionnaires assessed parental attitudes experienced in childhood, depressive rumination, sleep disturbances, and depressive symptoms in adulthood. The associations among the four variables were tested by structural equation modeling.
UNASSIGNED: Regarding the direct effects, the parental attitude of \"care\" had a negative influence on depressive rumination and depressive symptoms, whereas \"overprotection\" had a positive influence on depressive rumination. Depressive rumination had a positive influence on sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms, whereas sleep disturbances had a positive influence on depressive symptoms. Regarding indirect effects, depressive rumination mediated the association between parental attitudes and sleep disturbances or depressive symptoms. Furthermore, sleep disturbances mediated the association between depressive rumination and depressive symptoms. Care and overprotection showed opposite effects. The goodness of fit of this model was high.
UNASSIGNED: The results of this study demonstrated that there were associations among the four variables. Clinical assessment and intervention of depressive rumination and sleep disturbances that are closely associated with previous parental attitudes may lead to an improvement of depressive symptoms.

Obtaining a genetic diagnosis of a primary mitochondrial disease (PMD) is often framed as a diagnostic odyssey. Yet, even after receiving a diagnosis, parents of affected children experience ongoing therapeutic and prognostic uncertainty and considerable psychosocial challenges. Semi-structured interviews (N = 24) were conducted with parents of 13 children (aged 2-19 years) with a genetically confirmed PMD. Paternal (N = 11) and maternal (N = 13) perspectives were obtained, and thematic analysis was performed on all interviews. A genetic diagnosis was valuable and empowering for parents, despite eliciting varied emotional responses. While the diagnosis helped focus management decisions, families often felt overwhelmed and unsupported in navigating the healthcare system. Most parents reported a serious impact on their romantic relationship. The sources of social support varied, with a preference for established friendship and family support networks over disease-specific community support groups. Most parents favored prenatal genetic testing in the event of a future pregnancy. This study provides insight into the lived experiences of parents after a genetic diagnosis of PMD in their children. The findings draw awareness to supportive care needs and highlight important gaps that should be addressed to ensure that parents feel supported within a holistic framework of management for PMDs.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States; yet, despite the availability of safe and effective HPV vaccines, only half of eligible adolescents have completed the vaccine series. School-entry requirements are one proven strategy to increase vaccination rates among children and youth and reduce the burden of HPV-related cancer. This study investigated community perceptions of an HPV vaccine school-entry mandate in Virginia and the consequences of a low threshold exemption option included in the legislation. We conducted 40 interviews with community members including 15 interviews with parents, 19 with healthcare providers, and 6 with community leaders. Interviews asked about knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes concerning the HPV vaccine and mandate. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed. Despite healthcare provider support for the mandate, there was widespread confusion over the school-entry policy and concern that the exemption option undermined vaccination efforts. Understanding variations in community-level perceptions and response to school-based vaccination mandates is crucial for designing effective public health strategies. Findings suggest statewide vaccination initiatives should preemptively identify low uptake areas and provide targeted information to communities. Future mandates should avoid the use of ambiguous and contradictory language in vaccine-related legislation.

(1) Background: We aimed to analyze the dimensionality, internal consistency, and structural validity of the Preschool Eating, Lifestyle, and Sleeping Attitudes Scale (PRELSA Scale), which is an instrument that was designed to measure obesogenic behaviors. (2) Methods: We carried out an observational study by means of an online survey. The PRELSA Scale consists of 13 dimensions and 60 items relating to the most common obesogenic behaviors and attitudes. Additionally, we obtained sociodemographic characteristics and concrete habits from the sample. We obtained the responses of 791 parents and caregivers of preschool children between 2 and 6 years of age in Andalusia (southern Spain). We analyzed dimensionality through an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), consistency through Cronbach\'s Alpha, structural validity through a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and measurement invariance with multigroup CFA models. (3) Results: The EFA showed a 14-dimensional structure with 48 items. The internal consistency was acceptable in all dimensions (Cronbach\'s Alpha range of 0.72 to 0.97). The structure was confirmed in the CFA with good fit indices (CFI and TLI > 0.9 and RMSEA < 0.05). We ensured that the scale had measurement invariance regarding education, income, and marital status. (4) Conclusions: The PRELSA Scale shows promising properties that have the potential to measure obesogenic behaviors in Spain, which could be the basis for future interventions associated with the prevention of childhood obesity in healthcare and educational settings.

The relationship between parental attitudes towards health and child development has been a topic of interest for many years; however, research results in this field are still inconsistent. This study aimed to develop a structural equation model of the Parental Attitudes toward Child Oral Health (PACOH) scale, using this model to analyse the relationship between parental attitudes with demographic variables and the oral health-related behaviour of parents and children. A total of 302 parents (87% mothers) answered questions regarding their own and their children\'s, aged 4-7 years, oral health-related actions and completed the 38-item PACOH scale. The structural equation model indicated that parental attitudes captured by the PACOH scale can be fitted to a second-order factorial model, even with the scale shortened to 21 items. The model demonstrated good fit characteristics (CFI = 0.925; IFI = 0.927; GFI = 0.915; RMSEA = 0.049), making it a reliable tool for examining the structure of parental attitudes. This model was employed in the multi-group analysis, revealing the close relationship between positive parents\' attitudes towards their child\'s oral health and oral health-promoting behaviour both in parents and children, such as regular tooth brushing (p < 0.001), visiting the dentist (p = 0.027), and parents helping their child brush his/her teeth (p < 0.001). In light of these findings, it was concluded that Parental Attitudes towards Child Oral Health should be considered an essential factor influencing the development of oral health-promoting behaviour in children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the socio-economic and personal factors that impact parental decisions regarding orthodontic treatment for their children in Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
METHODS: A digital self-administered questionnaire was employed to collect data from 414 parents, focusing on their motivations and barriers that influence their decision-making process regarding orthodontic treatment.
RESULTS: Income level was the most significant factor in orthodontic decisions. Parents with higher incomes were twice as likely to choose orthodontic treatment for esthetic reasons compared to parents with middle incomes. The main incentive for seeking treatment was getting advice from dental professionals, with 60% of participants rating it as the most important factor. 34.5% of respondents identified cost as the main barrier, with middle-income parents being 151% more inclined to perceive it as a significant barrier compared to high-income parents. Gender dynamics revealed that mothers exhibited 48.9% greater concern regarding treatment costs compared to fathers, whereas fathers placed 2.105 times more importance on the orthodontist\'s reputation than mothers.
CONCLUSIONS: Income levels, along with other socio-economic factors and gender dynamics, have a significant influence on parental decisions regarding orthodontic care. Personalized consultations that address these variations are crucial for improving communication between patients and practitioners and increasing the accessibility of treatment.

Purpose: This study tested whether sexual orientation disparities in depressive symptoms are partially explained by recalled childhood gender nonconformity and whether the proportion of this association explained by childhood gender nonconformity is moderated by recalled parental attitudes toward childhood gender nonconformity. Methods: A convenience sample of young adults was recruited from two Chinese online survey platforms (272 heterosexual males, 272 bisexual males, 272 gay males, 272 heterosexual females, 272 bisexual females, and 272 lesbian females). Both mediation and moderated mediation models were conducted. Results: For both sexes, bisexual and gay/lesbian individuals reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms than heterosexual individuals, with total effects (standardized path coefficients) ranging from 0.25 to 0.38, all ps < 0.01. These sexual orientation disparities in depressive symptoms were partially explained by childhood gender nonconformity, with indirect effects ranging from 0.08 to 0.17, all ps < 0.001. The effect of childhood gender nonconformity on depressive symptoms was significantly moderated by parental attitudes. The mediating effect of childhood gender nonconformity on sexual orientation disparities in depressive symptoms was strongest at the more negative levels (one standard deviation [SD] above the mean) of parental attitudes and weakest at more tolerant levels (one SD below the mean) of parental attitudes. Conclusions: Childhood gender nonconformity may be a partial contributor to sexual orientation disparities in depressive symptoms and this indirect effect may be moderated by parental attitudes toward childhood gender nonconformity, with the indirect effect decreasing when parental attitudes move from negative toward more tolerant levels.