蛇咬伤是一种被忽视的疾病,影响着全世界数百万人。世界卫生组织报告说,每年大约有500万人被各种蛇咬伤,导致近100万人死亡,另外三倍的永久残疾病例。蛇主要利用毒液来固定和消化猎物。蛇毒是蛋白质和酶的组合物,负责其多种药理作用。蛇毒磷脂酶A2(SvPLA2)是一种酶,以不同的数量存在于每个蛇种中,并且已知会产生显着的功能多样性和药理作用,如炎症,坏死,心肌坏死,出血,等。花生四烯酸,类花生酸的前体,如前列腺素和白三烯,当SvPLA2催化膜甘油磷脂sn-2位的水解时释放,对其行为负责。从马或羔羊产生的多价抗蛇毒血清是蛇毒的标准治疗方法,尽管它有许多缺点。传统的医疗从业者使用植物和其他补救措施作为可持续的替代方法来治疗蛇咬伤。来自100多个科的500多个植物物种报告具有毒液中和能力。植物来源的次生代谢产物具有降低毒液不良后果的能力。许多研究已经证明了植物化学物质抑制蛇毒中发现的酶的能力。近年来的研究表明,各种小分子,例如varespladib和甲基varespladib,有效抑制PLA2毒素。在本文中,我们已经概述了蛇毒磷脂酶A2的知识,它的分类,以及细胞毒性的病理生理学机制,心肌坏死,抗凝,和炎症的临床应用和SvPLA2的抑制剂,以及为评估小分子如varespladib和来自传统医学的次级代谢产物的抗PLA2作用的效力而进行的研究列表。
Snake bite is a neglected disease that affects millions of people worldwide. WHO reported approximately 5 million people are bitten by various species of snakes each year, resulting in nearly 1 million deaths and an additional three times cases of permanent disability. Snakes utilize the venom mainly for immobilization and digestion of their prey. Snake venom is a composition of proteins and enzymes which is responsible for its diverse pharmacological action. Snake venom phospholipase A2 (SvPLA2) is an enzyme that is present in every snake species in different quantities and is known to produce remarkable functional diversity and pharmacological action like inflammation, necrosis,
myonecrosis, hemorrhage, etc. Arachidonic acid, a precursor to eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, is released when SvPLA2 catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 positions of membrane glycerophospholipids, which is responsible for its actions. Polyvalent antivenom produced from horses or lambs is the standard treatment for snake envenomation, although it has many drawbacks. Traditional medical practitioners treat snake bites using plants and other remedies as a sustainable alternative. More than 500 plant species from more than 100 families reported having venom-neutralizing abilities. Plant-derived secondary metabolites have the ability to reduce the venom\'s adverse consequences. Numerous studies have documented the ability of plant chemicals to inhibit the enzymes found in snake venom. Research in recent years has shown that various small molecules, such as varespladib and methyl varespladib, effectively inhibit the PLA2 toxin. In the present article, we have overviewed the knowledge of snake venom phospholipase A2, its classification, and the mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of cytotoxicity,
myonecrosis, anticoagulation, and inflammation clinical application and inhibitors of SvPLA2, along with the list of studies carried out to evaluate the potency of small molecules like varespladib and secondary metabolites from the traditional medicine for their anti-PLA2 effect.