背景:居住在社会住房中的低社会经济地位(SES)居民,由政府或政府资助机构资助,可能有较高的暴露在室内住宅使用的农药,因为农药是由于结构缺陷而使用,保养不良,等。目的:评估1970年代建造的低SES社会住房中的居民对遗留和当前使用的农药的暴露程度,并调查与暴露相关的因素。
方法:在七个低收入社会住房的46个单元的室内空气中测量了28种颗粒相农药,多单元住宅建筑(MURB)在多伦多,加拿大使用便携式空气净化器在2017年部署了1周。分析的农药是遗留的,目前在以下类别中使用:有机氯,有机磷酸酯,拟除虫菊酯,和球藻素。
结果:在89%的单位中至少检测到一种农药,对单个农药的检测频率(DF)高达50%,包括遗留的有机氯和当前使用的农药。目前使用的拟除虫菊酯的DF和浓度最高,除虫菊酯I的最高颗粒相浓度为32,000pg/m3。七氯,1985年在加拿大限制使用,估计最大总空气(颗粒加气相)浓度最高,为443,000pg/m3。七氯,林丹,硫丹I,百菌清,Allethrin,氯菊酯(一项研究除外)的浓度高于其他地方报道的低收入居民的浓度。除了故意使用杀虫剂控制害虫及其在建筑材料和油漆中的使用之外,吸烟与烟草作物上使用的五种农药的浓度显着相关。高DF农药在个别建筑物中的分布表明,建筑物管理部门的虫害根除计划和/或居民使用农药是测得农药的主要来源。
结论:低收入社会住房填补了急需的需求,但是住宅容易受到虫害的侵扰,因此容易使用杀虫剂。我们发现,在所有46个测试单位中,有89%暴露于28种颗粒相农药中的至少一种,目前使用的拟除虫菊酯和长期禁用的有机氯的DF和浓度最高(例如,滴滴涕,七氯)由于在室内的持久性很高。还测量了几种未在室内注册使用的农药,例如,用于处理烟草作物上使用的建筑材料和农药的球果苷。这些结果,这是加拿大大多数室内杀虫剂的第一个数据,显示广泛接触多种杀虫剂。
BACKGROUND: Low socioeconomic status (SES) residents living in social housing, which is subsidized by government or government-funded agencies, may have higher exposures to pesticides used in indoor residences since pesticides are applied due to structural deficiencies, poor maintenance, etc. OBJECTIVE: To estimate exposure of residents in low-SES social housing built in the 1970s to legacy and current-use pesticides and to investigate factors related to exposures.
METHODS: Twenty-eight particle-phase pesticides were measured in the indoor air of 46 units in seven low-income social housing, multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) in Toronto, Canada using portable air cleaners deployed for 1 week in 2017. Pesticides analyzed were legacy and current use in the classes: organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and strobilurins.
RESULTS: At least one pesticide was detected in 89% of the units with detection frequencies (DF) for individual pesticides of up to 50%, including legacy organochlorines and current-use pesticides. Current-use pyrethroids had the highest DF and concentrations, with the highest particle-phase concentration for pyrethrin I at 32,000 pg/m3. Heptachlor, restricted for use in Canada in 1985, had the highest estimated maximum total air (particle plus gas phase) concentration of 443,000 pg/m3. Heptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allethrin, and permethrin (except in one study) had higher concentrations than those measured in low-income residences reported elsewhere. In addition to the intentional use of pesticides to control pests and their use in building materials and paints, tobacco smoking was significantly correlated with the concentrations of five pesticides used on tobacco crops. The distribution of pesticides with high DF in individual buildings suggested that pest eradication programs by the building management and/or pesticide use by residents were the major sources of measured pesticides.
CONCLUSIONS: Low-income social housing fills a much-needed demand, but the residences are prone to pest infestation and hence pesticide use. We found exposure to at least 1 of 28 particle-phase pesticides in 89% of all 46 units tested, with the highest DF and concentrations for current-use pyrethroids and long-banned organochlorines (e.g., DDT, heptachlor) due to very high persistence indoors. Also measured were several pesticides not registered for use indoors, e.g., strobilurins used to treat building materials and pesticides used on tobacco crops. These results, which are the first Canadian data for most pesticides indoors, show widespread exposure to numerous pesticides.