There is a steady increase in diabetes prevalence globally and many studies imply that high socioeconomic status (SES) is inversely related to diabetes prevalence. However, there is scarcity in literature from countries like Egypt regarding this topic.
This study aims to investigate prevalence of diabetes in Egypt between 2008 and 2015, and the effect of SES. Diabetes prevalence -based on self-reports of past diagnosis- was measured using two datasets Egypt DHS 2008 (10,917 participants) and EHIS 2015 (16,485 participants). Logistic regression and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied for diabetes controlling for age, gender, educational level, employment status and place of residence. Extend of difference in diabetes prevalence between the two time points was measured by combining the two datasets using the EDHS 2008 as reference.
Diabetes prevalence was higher in 2015 (4.83%) compared to 2008 (3.48%). It was more in women at both time points (4.08% and 5.16% in 2008 and 2015 respectively) compared to men (2.80% and 4.43% in 2008 and 2015 respectively). Older age and living in urban areas were positively related to diabetes prevalence at both time points. Men had a significant higher chance of developing diabetes in 2015 (OR = 1.45, p-value = 0.001). Men with higher education had higher chance of developing diabetes (OR = 1.76), in contrast to women (OR = 0.59). Employment decreased the chance of developing diabetes for men (OR = .72), but had minimal effect on women (OR = 1.06).
Diabetes prevalence in Egypt has increased between the years 2008 and 2015 and evident social inequalities were found. Women had more diabetes than men and were more affected with low SES. Unlike women, highly educated men had higher chance of developing diabetes in 2015 compared to 2008. This might be attributed to behavioral and sociocultural factors.

This study explored the local food environment of Hong Kong and Singapore using a qualitative case study approach to inform future upstream public health nutrition policies. Food outlets that provide food to be eaten in the home were mapped in selected areas of high and low socioeconomic status (SES) of Hong Kong and Singapore. Food outlet density relative to land area was determined. In both countries, lower SES areas surveyed were shown to have higher food outlet density while higher SES areas had fewer but larger food outlets. In Hong Kong, both SES areas reported similar proportions of healthy and unhealthy food outlets.This study highlights the accessibility of food outlet types through their geographical location and density. Future research assessing the differences in eating culture between these two countries should be considered alongside this study\'s findings, to investigate strategies influencing the food environment in order to promote healthier eating habits.

Scaling up community-based participatory research (CBPR) remains challenging. This case-study reports on how, and under which conditions, a CBPR project aiming at promoting exercise among socially disadvantaged women (BIG) scaled up at four project sites. As part of BIG, researchers support city administrations in implementing a participatory project to reach socially disadvantaged women for exercise. The case study was conducted in winter 2020 in southern Germany and is based on a co-creative process involving city administrators and researchers. Following Kohl and Cooley\'s scaling up dimensions, scaling up BIG was investigated at the four sites using a mixed-method approach. Course registrations and offers were analysed, and qualitative interviews (n = 4) with administrative staff members were conducted and analysed using content analysis. The geographical coverage of exercise classes, the addressed groups, and the utilisation of participatory methods by city administrations are described. All four sites managed to scale-up project activities. Three of the four sites reported that further growth of the project was no longer possible due to limited resources. All sites attempted to reach a larger number of, and more diverse, women. One site managed to scale-up the use of participatory methods within the city administration. The following important facilitators for scaling up CBPR projects were reported: advertisements tailored to the needs of the addressed women, utilising participatory approaches, and equipping project coordinators with sufficient resources.

Introduction: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is considered to be of high potential for health promotion among socially disadvantaged groups. However, the long-term implementation and transfer of these approaches remain challenging, and the public health impact they achieve is difficult to study. This also pertains to the potential health effects and cost-effectiveness of CBPR. This study protocol describes the follow-up case study (NU-BIG) after 15 years of the BIG project (\"movement as investment in health\"), a project to promote physical activity among socially disadvantaged women. Through a participatory approach, BIG empowers the addressed women to plan and implement low-threshold physical activity offers. Since the project started in 2005, it was transferred to 17 communities in Germany. Materials and Analysis: NU-BIG intends to examine the long-term effects, including economic aspects, of the BIG project on individual and structural levels at all project sites, as well as its long-term implementation and transfer. NU-BIG is a cross-sectional and longitudinal study using a mixed method approach. For the longitudinal section, we re-analyze existing data from former BIG evaluations. For cross-sectional data collection, we use questionnaires and conduct qualitative interviews and focus groups. Women who take part in BIG program offers are part of the research team and will use the photo-voice approach to report on the effects of BIG. The study population consists of about 800 women who participate in BIG project offers and 50 persons involved in the implementation of the BIG project at local sites. Discussion: The expected results from NU-BIG are highly relevant for studying the long-term public health impact of CBPR. In particular, this project intends to answer questions on how the transfer of such projects can succeed and which factors determine if a CBPR project can be sustained at the community level. Eventually, these results can contribute to the further development of participatory approaches to provide effective health promotion among socially disadvantaged groups. Conclusion: Although CBPR is seen of having the potential to reduce health disparities, there is still a lack of research on its long-term effects and public health impact. NU-BIG aims at generating knowledge about the economic effects, reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of a CBPR project. The expected results could be of high interest for BIG and other CBPR-projects.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity and hypercholesterolemia. In addition, total fat and folate intake have been associated with NAFLD. Aims: We investigated risk factors for NAFLD among individuals of largely low socioeconomic status, and whether these associations differed by race. Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted within the Southern Community Cohort Study. Through linkage of the cohort with Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes were used to identify incident NAFLD cases. Controls were matched 4:1 to cases on enrollment age, sex, and race. A logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios for the associations of NAFLD with covariates of interest. Results: Neither total fat nor folate intake was significantly associated with NAFLD. Hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio 1.21) and body mass index (75th vs. 25th percentile) for blacks (odds ratio 1.96) and whites (odds ratio 2.33) were associated with an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. No significant interaction with race for any of the studied variables was noted. Conclusions: Both hypercholesterolemia and increasing body mass index, but not total fat and folate intake, were risk factors for NAFLD in the Southern Community Cohort Study.