The red algae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis is extensively cultivated at high densities, leading to significant increases in regional seawater pH due to its photosynthetic removal of inorganic carbon. We conducted a study on G. lemaneiformis cultured under various pH conditions (normal pH, pH 9.3, and pH 9.6) and light levels (dark and 100 μmol photons m-2 s-1) to investigate how high pH seawater environments affect the metabolic processes of G. lemaneiformis. The high pH did not directly damage the photosynthetic light reactions or the Calvin cycle. Instead, the observed reduction in photosynthetic rates was primarily due to CO2 limitation. However, under illuminated conditions, a high pH environment leads to a decrease in electron transport efficiency (ETo/RC) and reaction center density (RC/CSo), while simultaneously increasing the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Under illuminated conditions, the limitation of inhibit the photosynthetic electron transport process, leading to energy imbalance and excessive production of reactive oxygen species, which in turn resulted in lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane. This might be one of the inducing factors responsible for the bleaching in sea-farmed G. lemaneiformis plants.

While the supramolecular chemistry of simple anions is ubiquitous, the targeting and exploitation of their metal-containing relatives, the metalates, is less well understood. This mini review highlights the latest advances in this emergent area by discussing the supramolecular chemistry of metalates thematically, with a focus on the exploitation of metalates in a diversity of applications, including medical imaging and therapy, environmental remediation, molecular magnetism, catalysis, perovskite materials, and metal separations. The unifying features of these systems are identified with a view to allow the supramolecular chemist to target the unique material properties of the metalates, even in areas that are currently relatively immature.

Dye wastewater consists of high solids concentrations, heavy metals, minor contaminants, dissolved chemical oxygen demand, and microorganisms. Nanoflowers are nanoparticles that resemble flowers when viewed at a microscopic level. Inorganic metal oxide nanoflowers have been discovered to be a potential source for overcoming this situation. Their flower-like features give them a higher surface area to volume ratio and porosity structure, which can absorb a significant amount of dye. The metal oxide nanoflower synthesized from different synthesis methods is used to compare which one is cost-effective and capable of generating a large scale of nanoflower. This review has demonstrated outstanding dye removal efficiency by applying inorganic nanoflowers to dye removal. Since both adsorption and photocatalytic reactions enhance the dye degradation process, complete dye degradation could be achieved. Meanwhile, the inorganic metal oxide nanoflowers\' exemplary reusability characteristics with negligible performance drop further prove that this approach is highly sustainable and may help to save costs. This review has proven the momentum of obtaining high dye removal efficiency in wastewater treatment to conclude that the metal oxide nanoflower study is worth researching.

The term electromagnetic pulse (EMP) generally refers to high-power electromagnetic waves and can be classified into EMPs caused by nuclear weapons, non-nuclear EMPs, and EMPs caused by natural phenomena. EMPs can cause catastrophic damage to any electronic device consisting of electromagnetic components, including communications devices and transportation. In this study, the shielding effectiveness of paint was evaluated depending on the type and content of carbon material and binder. To analyze the compatibility and dispersibility improvement of the raw materials used in paint manufacturing, experiments were conducted in two stages, using 27 mixtures. The shielding effectiveness was evaluated for the optimal mixture developed through mixture experiments. The results of this study confirmed that the developed EMP shielding paint can improve the shielding effectiveness of concrete by 25-40 dB. Additionally, the adhesion strength and moisture resistance evaluation of the EMP shielding paint were evaluated. The average adhesive strength of the EMP shielding paint was 1.26 MPa. In moisture-resistance testing at a temperature of 50 ± 3 °C and a relative humidity of 95% or higher for more than 120 h, no cracks or peeling were observed on the painted surface.

Herbs and spices are known to be prone to food fraud and accurate analytical tools are needed to detect adulterants. Amongst the potential adulteration, dilution with bulking agents has regularly been reported, especially with inorganic materials such as talc or brick powder. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry is a well-established non-destructive analytical technique for qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of a wide variety of samples. ED-XRF was here evaluated for the detection of inorganic adulterants in turmeric, paprika and oregano, which were selected as representative for the herbs & spices food category. Magnesium, silicon, and calcium were identified as elements to detect talc, soapstone, brick/clay powder, and chalk inorganic adulterants. ED-XRF successfully detected adulterated samples when spiked down to 5% (w/w) in the selected herbs and spices. With its ease-of-use and speed, ED-XRF is well adapted for the monitoring of inorganic adulteration of herbs and spices along the supply chain.

1. This study determined the effect of dietary Zn concentration and source in phytase-supplemented diets on bone mineralisation, gastrointestinal phytate breakdown, mRNA-level gene expression (in jejunum, liver and Pectoralis major muscle) and growth performance in broiler chickens.2. Male Cobb 500 broilers were housed in floor pens (d 0-d 21) to test seven treatments with six replicate pens (12 birds per pen). Diets were arranged in a 2 × 3 + 1-factorial arrangement. The experimental factors were Zn source (Zn-oxide (ZnO) or Zn-glycinate (ZnGly) and Zn supplementation level (10, 30 or 50 mg/kg of diet). A maize-soybean meal-based diet without supplementation and formulated to contain 28 mg Zn/kg (analysed to be 35 mg Zn/kg), served as a control.3. Zinc source and level did not influence (p > 0.05) bone ash concentration and quantity or mineral concentrations in bone ash. Tibia thickness was greater in the treatment ZnO10 than in the treatments ZnO30 and ZnGly50 (Zn level × Zn source: p = 0.036), but width and breaking strength were not affected.4. Pre-caecal P digestibility and concentrations of phytate breakdown products in the ileum, except for InsP5, were not affected by Zn source or level. Only the expression of EIF4EBP1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1) and FBXO32 (F-box only protein 32) in Pectoralis major muscle was affected by source, where expression was increased in ZnO compared to ZnGly diets (p < 0.05).5. In conclusion, Zn level and source did not affect gastrointestinal phytate degradation and bone mineralisation in phytase-supplemented diets. The intrinsic Zn concentration appeared to be sufficient for maximum bone Zn deposition under the conditions of the present study but requires validation in longer-term trials.

Hybrid perovskites, materials composed of metals and organic substances in their structure, have emerged as potential materials for the new generation of photovoltaic cells due to a unique combination of optical, excitonic and electrical properties. Inspired by sensitization techniques on TiO2 substrates (DSSC), CH3NH3PbBr3 and CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites were studied as a light-absorbing layer as well as an electron-hole pair generator. Photovoltaic cells based on per-ovskites have electron and hole transport layers (ETL and HTL, respectively), separated by an ac-tive layer composed of perovskite itself. Major advances subsequently came in the preparation methods of these devices and the development of different architectures, which resulted in an efficiency exceeding 23% in less than 10 years. Problems with stability are the main barrier to the large-scale production of hybrid perovskites. Partially or fully inorganic perovskites appear promising to circumvent the instability problem, among which the black perovskite phase CsPbI3 (α-CsPbI3) can be highlighted. In more advanced studies, a partial or total substitution of Pb by Ge, Sn, Sb, Bi, Cu or Ti is proposed to mitigate potential toxicity problems and maintain device efficiency.

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Preventing unintentional pregnancy is one of the goals of a global public health policy to minimize effects on individuals, families, and society. Various contraceptive formulations with high effectiveness and acceptance, including intrauterine devices, hormonal patches for females, and condoms and vasectomy for males, have been developed and adopted over the last decades. However, distinct breakthroughs of contraceptive techniques have not yet been achieved, while the associated long-term adverse effects are insurmountable, such as endocrine system disorder along with hormone administration, invasive ligation, and slowly restored fertility after removal of intrauterine devices. Spurred by developments of nanomaterials and bionanotechnologies, advanced contraceptives could be fulfilled via nanomaterial solutions with much safer and more controllable and effective approaches to meet various and specific needs for women and men at different reproductive stages. Nanomedicine techniques have been extended to develop contraceptive methods, such as the targeted drug delivery and controlled release of hormone using nanocarriers for females and physical stimulation assisted vasectomy using functional nanomaterials via photothermal treatment or magnetic hyperthermia for males. Nanomaterial solutions for advanced contraceptives offer significantly improved biosafety, noninvasive administration, and controllable reversibility. This review summarizes the nanomaterial solutions to female and male contraceptives including the working mechanisms, clinical concerns, and their merits and demerits. This work also reviewed the nanomaterials that have been adopted in contraceptive applications. In addition, we further discuss safety considerations and future perspectives of nanomaterials in nanostrategy development for next-generation contraceptives. We expect that nanomaterials would potentially replace conventional materials for contraception in the near future.

A new solid-state inorganic compound, indium dilead penta-chloride, InPb2Cl5, was synthesized by melting InCl and PbCl2 in a vacuum-sealed quartz ampoule. The ampoule was heated to 793 K and then slowly cooled to room temperature to induce crystallization of InPb2Cl5. InPb2Cl5 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system adopting a space group of type P21/c, which is isostructural with other metal halides such as RbPb2Cl5, KPb2Cl5 and TlPb2Cl5. The bulk InPb2Cl5 exhibits a metallic black/grey colour, allowing it to be separated from white/yellow PbCl2 crystals. Due to the incongruent nature of the compound, the pure bulk InPb2Cl5 was not obtained. The black/grey InPb2Cl5 crystals were characterized by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. InPbCl3 was also explored, however the growth was unsuccessful.