Abstract：
Preventing unintentional pregnancy is one of the goals of a global public health policy to minimize effects on individuals, families, and society. Various contraceptive formulations with high effectiveness and acceptance, including intrauterine devices, hormonal patches for females, and condoms and vasectomy for males, have been developed and adopted over the last decades. However, distinct breakthroughs of contraceptive techniques have not yet been achieved, while the associated long-term adverse effects are insurmountable, such as endocrine system disorder along with hormone administration, invasive ligation, and slowly restored fertility after removal of intrauterine devices. Spurred by developments of nanomaterials and bionanotechnologies, advanced contraceptives could be fulfilled via nanomaterial solutions with much safer and more controllable and effective approaches to meet various and specific needs for women and men at different reproductive stages. Nanomedicine techniques have been extended to develop contraceptive methods, such as the targeted drug delivery and controlled release of hormone using nanocarriers for females and physical stimulation assisted vasectomy using functional nanomaterials via photothermal treatment or magnetic hyperthermia for males. Nanomaterial solutions for advanced contraceptives offer significantly improved biosafety, noninvasive administration, and controllable reversibility. This review summarizes the nanomaterial solutions to female and male contraceptives including the working mechanisms, clinical concerns, and their merits and demerits. This work also reviewed the nanomaterials that have been adopted in contraceptive applications. In addition, we further discuss safety considerations and future perspectives of nanomaterials in nanostrategy development for next-generation contraceptives. We expect that nanomaterials would potentially replace conventional materials for contraception in the near future.
摘要：
防止意外怀孕是全球公共卫生政策的目标之一，以尽量减少对个人的影响。家庭,和社会。各种避孕制剂具有很高的有效性和接受度，包括宫内节育器,女性的荷尔蒙补丁，男性的避孕套和输精管切除术，在过去的几十年中被开发和采用。然而,避孕技术尚未取得重大突破，虽然相关的长期不利影响是无法克服的，如内分泌系统紊乱和激素给药，侵入性结扎，并在取出宫内节育器后缓慢恢复生育能力。受到纳米材料和生物技术发展的刺激，先进的避孕药可以通过更安全，更可控和有效的方法来满足不同生殖阶段男女的各种特殊需求。纳米医学技术已经扩展到开发避孕方法，例如女性使用纳米载体的靶向药物递送和激素的控制释放，以及男性通过光热治疗或磁性热疗使用功能性纳米材料的物理刺激辅助输精管切除术。用于高级避孕药的纳米材料解决方案提供了显着改善的生物安全性，非侵入性管理，和可控的可逆性。这篇综述总结了女性和男性避孕药的纳米材料解决方案，包括工作机制，临床关注,以及他们的优点和缺点。这项工作还回顾了在避孕应用中采用的纳米材料。此外,我们进一步讨论了纳米材料在下一代避孕药的纳米策略开发中的安全性考虑因素和未来前景.我们预计在不久的将来，纳米材料可能会取代传统的避孕材料。
