A multicenter retrospective analysis of conventionally collected data. To identify the potential causes of hypoproteinemia after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and provide a diagnostic model for predicting an individual likelihood of developing hypoproteinemia. Hypoproteinemia is a complication of spinal cord injury (SCI), an independent risk factor for respiratory failure in elderly patients with SCI, and a predictor of outcomes in patients with cervical SCI. Few nomogram-based studies have used clinical indicators to predict the likelihood of hypoproteinemia following TSCI. This multicenter retrospective clinical analysis included patients with TSCI admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Wuzhou GongRen Hospital, and Dahua Yao Autonomous County People Hospital between 2016 and 2020. The data of patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University were used as the training set, and those from the other 2 hospitals were used as the validation set. All patient histories, diagnostic procedures, and imaging findings were recorded. To predict whether patients with TSCI may develop hypoproteinemia, a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis was conducted to create a nomogram. The model was validated by analyzing the consequences using decision curve analysis, calibration curves, the C-index, and receiver operating characteristic curves. After excluding patients with missing data, 534 patients were included in this study. Male/female sex, age ≥ 60 years, cervical SCI, pneumonia, pleural effusion, urinary tract infection (UTI), hyponatremia, fever, hypotension, and tracheostomy were identified as independent risk factors of hypoalbuminemia. A simple and easy-to-replicate clinical prediction nomogram was constructed using these factors. The area under the curve was 0.728 in the training set and 0.881 in the validation set. The predictive power of the nomogram was satisfactory. Hypoalbuminemia after TSCI may be predicted using the risk factors of male/female sex, age ≥ 60 years, cervical SCI, pneumonia, pleural effusion, UTI, hyponatremia, fever, hypotension, and tracheostomy.

Objective: To explore the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in patients with perineal and/or hip burns. Methods: This study was a retrospective case series study. From January 2018 to December 2022, 260 patients with perineal and/or hip burns and urinary catheters indwelling who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to the Department of Burns and Wound Repair of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, including 192 males and 68 females, aged 20-93 years. The total incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in patients with perineal and/or hip burns, the detection of pathogenic bacteria, and the resistance of major Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to commonly used antimicrobial drugs in clinic were recorded. According to whether catheter-associated urinary tract infection occurred or not, the patients were divided into infection group (43 cases) and non-infection group (217 cases). The basic conditions including gender, age, total burn area, depth of perineal burn, depth of hip burn, and burn site on admission, complications of diabetes mellitus, inhalation injury, and hypoproteinaemia, invasive operations including tracheotomy and non-perineal/hip debridement/skin transplantation surgery, duration of catheter retention, number of urethral catheterization, and bladder irrigation of patients between the two groups were compared, and the independent risk factors influencing the occurrence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in patients with perineal and/or hip burns were screened. Results: The total incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in patients with perineal and/or hip burns in this study was 16.5% (43/260). The pathogens detected were predominantly Gram-negative, followed by fungi; the main Gram-negative bacterium was Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the main Gram-positive bacterium was Enterococcus faecalis. The resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, amitraz, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and levofloxacin were higher than 70.0%, the resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to cefoxitin, cefoperazone/sulbactam, cefepime, meropenem, imipenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam ranged from 56.3% to 68.8%, and the resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to ceftazidime and tigecycline were lower than 50.0%. The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis to ciprofloxacin and penicillin were both 85.7%, the resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis to erythromycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin, and tetracycline ranged from 14.3% to 57.1%, and the resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis to linezolid, tigecycline, and vancomycin were all 0. The differences were statistically significant between the two groups in terms of gender, status of complication of hypoproteinaemia, depth of perineal burn, status of non-perineal/hip debridement/skin transplantation surgery, status of bladder irrigation, number of urethral catheterization, and duration of catheter retention of patients (with χ2 values of 7.80, 4.85, 10.68, 9.11, and 16.48, respectively, and Z values of -4.88 and -5.42, respectively, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the age, total burn area, complications of diabetes mellitus and inhalation injury, burn site, depth of hip burns, and status of tracheotomy of patients between the two groups (P>0.05). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that gender, deep partial-thickness perineal burns, non-perineal/hip debridement/skin transplantation surgery, bladder irrigation, and duration of catheter retention were the independent risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in patients with perineal and/or hip burns (with odds ratios of 2.86, 2.63, 2.79, 2.34, and 1.04, respectively, with 95% confidence intervals of 1.21-6.73, 1.03-6.71, 1.03-7.59, 1.05-5.22, and 1.02-1.06, respectively, P<0.05). Conclusions: The incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections is high in patients with perineal and/or hip burns, with Klebsiella pneumoniae as the predominant pathogenic bacteria having a high resistance rate to commonly used antimicrobial drugs in clinic. Gender, deep partial-thickness perineal burns, non-perineal/hip debridement/skin transplantation surgery, bladder irrigation, and duration of catheter retention are the independent risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in patients with perineal and/or hip burns.
目的： 探讨会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者导尿管相关尿路感染的流行病学特点及危险因素。 方法： 该研究为回顾性病例系列研究。2018年1月—2022年12月，浙江大学医学院附属第二医院烧伤与创面修复科收治260例符合入选标准的会阴部和/或臀部烧伤且留置导尿管的患者，其中男192例、女68例，年龄20~93岁。统计会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者导尿管相关尿路感染总发病率、病原菌检出情况、主要革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。根据是否发生导尿管相关尿路感染，将患者分为感染组（43例）和非感染组（217例）。比较2组患者入院时性别、年龄、烧伤总面积、会阴部烧伤深度、臀部烧伤深度、烧伤部位等基本情况，合并糖尿病、吸入性损伤、低蛋白血症情况，气管切开、非会阴部/臀部的清创/植皮手术等有创操作情况，以及导尿管留置时间、导尿次数、膀胱冲洗情况。筛选影响会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者发生导尿管相关尿路感染的独立危险因素。 结果： 该研究中会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者导尿管相关尿路感染总发病率为16.5%（43/260）。检出的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主，其次为真菌；主要革兰阴性菌为肺炎克雷伯菌，主要革兰阳性菌为屎肠球菌。肺炎克雷伯菌对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氨曲南、阿米卡星、环丙沙星、头孢曲松、左氧氟沙星的耐药率均高于70.0%，对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、美罗培南、亚胺培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率为56.3%~68.8%，对头孢他啶、替加环素的耐药率均低于50.0%；屎肠球菌对环丙沙星、青霉素的耐药率均为85.7%，对红霉素、克林霉素、莫西沙星、四环素的耐药率为14.3%~57.1%，对利奈唑胺、替加环素、万古霉素的耐药率均为0。2组患者性别、合并低蛋白血症情况、会阴部烧伤深度、非会阴部/臀部的清创/植皮手术情况、膀胱冲洗情况、导尿次数、导尿管留置时间比较，差异均有统计学意义（χ2值分别为7.80、4.85、10.68、9.11、16.48，Z值分别为-4.88、-5.42，P<0.05）；2组患者年龄、烧伤总面积、合并糖尿病和吸入性损伤情况、烧伤部位、臀部烧伤深度、气管切开情况比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示，性别、会阴部深Ⅱ度烧伤、非会阴部/臀部的清创/植皮手术、膀胱冲洗、导尿管留置时间均为影响会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者发生导尿管相关尿路感染的独立危险因素（比值比分别为2.86、2.63、2.79、2.34、1.04，95%置信区间分别为1.21~6.73、1.03~6.71、1.03~7.59、1.05~5.22、1.02~1.06，P<0.05）。 结论： 会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者导尿管相关尿路感染发病率较高，其病原菌以肺炎克雷伯菌为主且该菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高。性别、会阴部深Ⅱ度烧伤、非会阴部/臀部的清创/植皮手术、膀胱冲洗、导尿管留置时间为会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者导尿管相关尿路感染的独立危险因素。.

BACKGROUND: While most complications of cervical surgery are reversible, some, such as symptomatic postoperative spinal epidural hematoma (SEH), which generally occurs within 24 h, are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Delayed neurological dysfunction is diagnosed in cases when symptoms present > 3 d postoperatively. Owing to its rarity, the risk factors for delayed neurological dysfunction are unclear. Consequently, this condition can result in irreversible neurological deficits and serious consequences. In this paper, we present a case of postoperative SEH that developed three days after hematoma evacuation.
METHODS: A 68-year-old man with an American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade C injury was admitted to our hospital with neck pain and tetraplegia following a fall. The C3-C7 posterior laminectomy and the lateral mass screw fixation surgery were performed on the tenth day. Postoperatively, the patient showed no changes in muscle strength or ASIA grade. The patient experienced neck pain and subcutaneous swelling on the third day postoperatively, his muscle strength decreased, and his ASIA score was grade A. Magnetic resonance imaging showed hypointense signals on T1 weighted image (T1WI) and T2WI located behind the epidural space, with spinal cord compression. Emergency surgical intervention for the hematoma was performed 12 h after onset. Although hypoproteinemia and pleural effusion did not improve in the perioperative period, the patient recovered to ASIA grade C on day 30 after surgery, and was transferred to a functional rehabilitation exercise unit.
CONCLUSIONS: This case shows that amelioration of low blood albumin and pleural effusion is an important aspect of the perioperative management of cervical surgery. Surgery to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord should be performed as soon as possible to decrease neurological disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Cytokine storm is now considered to be a systemic inflammatory response, but local cytokine storm may exist in systemic diseases of the blood system. Monitoring of regional cytokine storm is an important clue for the diagnosis of systemic diseases.
METHODS: A 72-years-old male presented to our hospital with multiple serosal effusion without solid mass or enlarged lymph nodes. We found that the level of cytokines in ascites was tens to hundreds of times higher than that in plasma, mainly IL-6 and IL-8.
METHODS: The patient was diagnosed with multiple serous effusion, hemophagocytic syndrome, B-cell lymphoma, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and hypoproteinemia.
METHODS: During hospitalization, the patient was treated with 5 courses of R-CVEP therapy and supportive treatment.
RESULTS: After the first R-CVEP regimen, the patient\'s condition was evaluated as follows: hemophagocytic syndrome improved: no fever; Serum triglyceride 2.36 mmol/L; Ferritin 70.70 ng/L; no hemophagocyte was found in the bone marrow; the lymphoma was relieved, ascites disappeared, and bone marrow cytology showed: the bone marrow hyperplasia was reduced, and small platelet clusters were easily seen. Bone marrow flow cytometry showed that lymphocytes accounted for 13.7%, T cells increased for 85.7%, CD4/CD8 = 0.63, B cells decreased significantly for 0.27%, and NK cells accounted for 10.2%. Blood routine returned to normal: WBC 5.27 × 109/L, HB 128 g/L, PLT 129 × 109/L; Epstein-Barr virus DNA < 5.2E + 02 copies/mL; correction of hypoproteinemia: albumin 39.7 g/L.
CONCLUSIONS: Cytokines in ascites are significantly higher than those in plasma by tens to hundreds of times, suggesting that \"regional cytokine storms\" may cause serosal effusion.

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic gastritis (EoG) has rarely been reported in conjunction with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE). When this does occur, patients typically present with gastrointestinal symptoms. To our knowledge, hypoproteinemia has not been reported as the primary manifestation. Anti-IgE therapy, such as omalizumab, lowers eosinophil counts in the blood, lungs, and gut. Its efficiency in treating active EoG remain unknown.
METHODS: We report a 33-month-old boy with a history of food allergy and atopic dermatitis who developed recurrent edema, hypoproteinemia, and eosinophilia at the age of 14 months. The diagnoses of EoG and GSE were confirmed based on the clinical presentation and results of gastrointestinal biopsies and serological testing. Although prednisone and dietary intervention were initially effective, the boy developed prednisone-related facial swelling. After stopping prednisone, his symptoms relapsed. Subsequent treatment with omalizumab, combined with dietary intervention, showed good efficacy and safety.
CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first case of concurrent EoG and GSE that presented primarily with hypoproteinemia. We highlight the rare manifestations of these two diseases to raise clinical suspicion and prevent missed and delayed diagnoses. The pathogenesis of EoG is heterogeneous and complex. Omalizumab showed good efficacy, indicating that IgE-mediated processes may be involved in the pathogenesis of this patient\'s diseases.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in patients following radical gastrectomy with the aim of guiding clinical decisions. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of data of patients who had undergone radical gastrectomy between June 2021 and June 2022 at the Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital. Participants were reviewed 9-12 months after surgery. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) radical gastrectomy with a postoperative pathological diagnosis of primary gastric cancer; (2) no invasion of neighboring organs, peritoneal dissemination, or distant metastasis confirmed intra- or postoperatively; (3) availability of complete clinical data, including abdominal enhanced computed tomography and pertinent blood laboratory tests 9-12 after surgery. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age <18 years; (2) presence of gastric stump cancer or previous gastrectomy; (3) history of or current other primary tumors within the past 5 years; (4) preoperative diagnosis of sarcopenia (skeletal muscle index [SMI) ≤52.4 cm²/m² for men, SMI ≤38.5 cm²/m² for women). The primary focus of the study was to investigate development of postoperative sarcopenia in the study cohort. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify the factors associated with development of sarcopenia after radical gastrectomy. Results: The study cohort comprised 373 patients of average age of 57.1±12.3 years, comprising 292 (78.3%) men and 81 (21.7%) women. Postoperative sarcopenia was detected in 81 (21.7%) patients in the entire cohort. The SMI for the entire group was (41.79±7.70) cm2/m2: (46.40±5.03) cm2/m2 for men and (33.52±3.63) cm2/m2 for women. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, age ≥60 years (OR=2.170, 95%CI: 1.175-4.007, P=0.013), high literacy (OR=2.512, 95%CI: 1.238-5.093, P=0.011), poor exercise habits (OR=3.263, 95%CI: 1.648-6.458, P=0.001), development of hypoproteinemia (OR=2.312, 95%CI: 1.088-4.913, P=0.029), development of hypertension (OR=2.169, 95%CI: 1.180-3.984, P=0.013), and total gastrectomy (OR=2.444, 95%CI:1.214-4.013,P=0.012) were independent risk factors for postoperative sarcopenia in post-gastrectomy patients who had had gastric cancer (P<0.05). Conclusion: Development of sarcopenia following radical gastrectomy demands attention. Older age, higher education, poor exercise habits, hypoproteinemia, hypertension, and total gastrectomy are risk factors for its development post-radical gastrectomy.
目的： 探讨胃癌根治术后患者肌少症的发病情况及发病的风险因素，以期为临床干预提供参考。 方法： 本研究采用回顾性观察性研究方法。纳入2021年6月至2022年6月期间、来自解放军总医院第一医学中心复查的、胃癌根治术后9~12个月患者。病例纳入标准：（1）曾在本院接受胃癌根治术，且术后病理确诊为原发性胃癌；（2）术中或术后证实无邻近器官侵犯、腹膜播散或远处转移；（3）术后9~12个月期间到本院复查，腹部增强CT、血常规检查等临床资料完整。排除标准：（1）年龄<18岁；（2）残胃癌或既往行胃切除术；（3）5年内曾罹患或现合并其他原发性肿瘤；（4）术前已确诊为肌少症患者［男性骨骼肌指数（SMI）≤52.4 cm2 /m2，女性SMI≤38.5 cm2 /m2］。主要观察本组胃癌患者肌少症发生情况；并采用单因素分析及多因素logistic回归方法筛选胃癌根治术后肌少症的危险因素。 结果： 本研究共纳入373例患者，年龄为（57.1±12.3）岁；包括男性292例（78.3%），女性81例（21.7%）。全组术后1年内发生肌少症共81例（21.7%）。全组患者的SMI为（41.79±7.70）cm2 /m2；其中男性SMI为（46.40±5.03）cm2 /m2，女性SMI为（33.52±3.63）cm2 /m2。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄≥60岁（OR=2.170，95%CI：1.175~4.007，P=0.013）、文化程度为大专及以上（OR=2.512，95%CI：1.238~5.093，P=0.011）、偶尔运动（OR=3.263，95%CI：1.648~6.458，P=0.001）、罹患低蛋白血症（OR=2.312，95%CI：1.088~4.913，P=0.029）、罹患高血压（OR=2.169，95%CI：1.180~3.984，P=0.013）和全胃切除手术（OR=2.444，95%CI：1.214~4.013，P=0.012）是胃癌根治术后肌少症发病的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）。 结论： 胃癌根治术后肌少症发病率不低；高龄、高学历、运动少以及合并低蛋白血症和高血压是胃癌根治性切除术后发生肌少症的危险因素。.

To explore the effect of hypoproteinemia on cardiac function and prognosis in elderly male patients with chronic heart failure. Among the patients with chronic heart failure hospitalized in the General Hospital of Southern Theater Command from December 2014 to December 2015, 100 elderly male patients with chronic heart failure were selected. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on their serum albumin (ALB) levels: 53 cases in the normal group (ALB ≥ 35 g/L) and 47 cases in the hypoproteinemia group (ALB < 35 g/L). Using the method of prospective study, under the condition of routine treatment of heart failure, follow-up observation for 5 years, we collected relevant data and analyzed the level of serum ALB, cardiac function and prognosis of patients in these 2 groups. The mortality of patients in the hyporoteinemia group were significantly higher than those in the normal group. Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVDD) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the normal group after 5 years were markedly lower compared with that in the hypoproteinemia group. The mortality of patients with chronic heart failure with hypoproteinemia were higher, and the present study indicated that the ALB level may be associated with the mortality of patients with chronic heart failure.

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome(CCS)is a rare non-inherited disease characterized by gastrointestinal polyposis and ectodermal abnormalities. We report a rare case of CCS associated with gastric cancer and gastric outlet obstruction with a review of the literature. A 75-year-old man was admitted because of frequent vomiting and hypoproteinemia. He was diagnosed with CCS due to typical clinical and laboratory findings including alopecia, nail atrophy, hypoproteinemia, and typical gastrointestinal polyposis. Upper endoscopic examination also pointed out a large gastric cancer mainly located in the antrum and the reversible pyloric obstruction caused by the gastric tumor. Biopsy of the tumor revealed tubular adenocarcinoma. Computed tomography demonstrated the dilated duodenum caused by packing of the gastric tumor. 1.5 months after prednisolone therapy, he underwent total gastrectomy with complete resection of the dilated duodenal bulb. Histological examination revealed gastric cancer(pap>tub1)classified into Stage ⅢC. Postoperative course was uneventful and he moved to another hospital. To our knowledge, including the present case, there were 20 reported cases of CCS associated with gastric cancer from Japan(1979-2022). Also, 7 cases of CCS associated with gastric outlet obstruction was reported.

BACKGROUND: The urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR) correlates well with the 24-h urine protein test (24-h UPT) and is a reliable indicator of proteinuria. However, in nephrotic syndrome, the correlation between the UPCR and the 24-h UPT tends to decrease. To address this, we introduced the fractional excretion of total protein (FETP), which reflects serum total protein and creatinine levels because severe hypoproteinemia and/or elevated serum creatinine levels tend to occur under these conditions. The 24-h UPT corrected for body surface area (BSA) (24-h UPT/BSA) was used to take body size into consideration. The correlation coefficients for 24-h UPT/BSA and FETP and 24-h UPT/BSA and UPCR were calculated. The statistical significance of the differences between these coefficients was also calculated.
METHODS: Thirty-six pediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome were included in this study. The FETP was calculated as total protein clearance/creatinine clearance (%). Correlation coefficients were calculated for 24-h UPT/BSA and FETP and 24-h UPT/BSA and UPCR. The statistical significance of the differences between these coefficients was also calculated.
RESULTS: The mean ± standard error of FETP was 0.11% ± 0.013%. The correlation coefficients of FETP and UPCR with 24-h UPT/BSA were 0.91 and 0.81, respectively. The FETP demonstrated a significantly stronger correlation with 24-h UPT/BSA than with UPCR (p = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: The FETP correlated more strongly with 24-h UPT/BSA than with UPCR in patients with nephrotic syndrome. The FETP is a reliable indicator of proteinuria in nephrotic syndrome, especially in patients with severe hypoproteinemia or elevated serum creatinine levels.

OBJECTIVE: Albumins are protein molecules that account for 50% of total plasma protein. They are imperative in maintaining intravascular colloidal oncotic pressure, act as key scavenger molecules for oxygen free radicals, and perform a major role in transporting numerous substances and in wound healing. Hypoalbuminemia has been reported as the consequence of decreased intake, increased loss, decreased production, and redistribution. While anecdotal evidence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors causing hypoalbuminemia in canine patients exists, to the author\'s knowledge there is no formal report to this effect to date. This case report aims to bridge the gap between anecdotal evidence and literature.
METHODS: 3-year-old neutered male hound-mix canine.
UNASSIGNED: The patient was presented for recurrent otitis externa refractory to treatments with orbifloxacin/mometasone/posaconazole otic suspension, miconazole/polymyxin B/prednisolone otic suspension, ketoconazole/TrizEDTA, and gentamicin/mometasone/clotrimazole, which prompted consideration of oral antifungals. Baseline blood work prior to initiation of fluconazole showed elevated alkaline phosphatase. Treatment was initiated with fluconazole, and blood work was rechecked and revealed hypoalbuminemia. Multiple diagnostic tests failed to reveal a cause of hypoalbuminemia.
RESULTS: Discontinuation of oclacitinib that the patient was being administered resulted in normalization of serum albumin.
CONCLUSIONS: It is unclear whether hypoalbuminemia associated with oclacitinib administration is associated with worse outcomes for pathologies in canine patients; however, this seems to be the case in humans according to some reports. This report aims to take a step in the direction of this knowledge.