A giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) is a benign tumor that can occur in the joint synovium, bursae, or tendon sheath. It generally emerges in the tendons/synovium of the bones of the hand. It has unique characteristics, as noted in histopathological, clinical, and published literature. GCTTS has been reported across different age groups, with higher incidence observed in middle-aged adults. We present an unusual occurrence of GCTTS arising from the foot in a 54-year-old female who visited our medical facility with a history of swelling in her right foot for one year. Ultrasonography suggested a well-defined 5 x 4 cm lesion deep to the flexor tendon with possible intertarsal extension, which was managed surgically. This article represents a detailed understanding of GCTTS, emphasizing its benign yet locally aggressive nature and the complexities involved in its diagnosis and management.

UNASSIGNED: Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS), also termed Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT), is a locally aggressive tumor which originates from tendon sheaths or bursas. Around 3-5% of these tumors arise from foot and ankle. Localized lesions in this area are often manifested as firm masses or nodules with slow but continuous progression through months and years. Pain associated with weight-bearing, as well as limitations in joint motions, may be reported, depending on tumor\'s location. Surgery is the treatment of choice for the definitive removal of GCTTSs with the aim to eradicate the neoplasm and restore the lower limb\'s functionality.
UNASSIGNED: Thirteen cases suffering from GCTTS of the foot and ankle underwent surgical resection at our institution between 2017 and 2022. For each case we recorded pre-operative and post-operative symptoms, as well as their pre-operative and post-operative functional status according to both MSTS and AOFAS scores. Eventual complications and local recurrences were reported.
UNASSIGNED: Each patient experienced an at least mild pain before surgical treatment. The mean pre-operative MSTS and AOFAS scores were 22.8 and 70.7, respectively. The mean tumor size was 17.7 mm. Each patient received a resection with wide margins. Two cases (15.4%) had local recurrences. None had major complications at their latest follow-up. After the surgery, the mean post-operative MSTS and AOFAS scores increased to 28.3 and 92.2, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Resection with wide margins for foot and ankle GCTTS is effective in restoring the patients\' lower limb functionality and is associated with reasonable local recurrence rates.
UNASSIGNED: Gigantiniᶙ ląsteliᶙ sausgysliᶙ apvalkalo navikas (trumpinys GCTTS), kuris taip pat vadinamas tenosinoviniu gigantiniᶙ ląsteliᶙ naviku (trumpinys TGCT), yra lokalus agresyvus navikas, visᶙ pirma pasireiškiantis sausgyslės apvalkale arba bursoje. Maždaug 3–5 % šiᶙ navikᶙ atsiranda pėdoje arba kulkšnyje. Lokalūs šios srities pažeidimai dažnai pasireiškia susidarančia kieta mase arba gumbeliais, kuriᶙ lėtas, tačiau nuolatinis progresavimas gali trukti mėnesius ar net metus. Pacientᶙ galimi nusiskundimai – skausmas, atsiradęs nešant svorį, ir sąnariᶙ judesiᶙ ribotumas; tai priklauso nuo naviko vietos. GCTTS užtikrintai pašalinti būtina operacija. Tokiu būdu sunaikinama neoplazma ir atkuriamas apatinės galūnės funkcionalumas.
UNASSIGNED: Mūsᶙ institucijoje nuo 2017 iki 2022 metᶙ buvo nustatyta 13 GCTTS atvejᶙ pėdoje ar kulkšnyje, kai prireikė chirurginės rezekcijos. Kiekvienu atveju registravome priešoperacinius ir pooperacinius simptomus. Taip pat fiksavome priešoperacinį ir pooperacinį funkcinį statusą pagal tiek MSTS, tiek ir AOFAS skaliᶙ vertinimus. Pateikėme ataskaitą apie vėlesnes komplikacijas ir vietinį išplitimą.
UNASSIGNED: Prieš chirurginį gydymą kiekvienas pacientas patyrė bent jau nestiprᶙ skausmą. Vidutiniai priešoperaciniai MSTS ir AOFAS skaliᶙ vertinimai buvo atitinkamai 22,8 ir 70,7. Vidutinis naviko dydis – 17,7 mm. Kiekvienam pacientui buvo atlikta rezekcija su didelėmis pakraščio zonomis. Dviem atvejais (15,4 %) navikai vėl susiformavo. Nė vienam pacientui vėlesnio stebėjimo laikotarpiu nepasireiškė jokiᶙ sudėtingesniᶙ komplikacijᶙ. Atlikus operaciją, vidutiniai pooperaciniai MSTS ir AOFAS skaliᶙ balai išaugo atitinkamai iki 28,3 ir 92,2.
UNASSIGNED: Rezekcija su didelėmis pakraščio zonomis pėdos ar kulkšnies GCTTS atveju efektyviai padeda atkurti pacientᶙ apatiniᶙ galūniᶙ funkcionalumą ir yra susijusi su priimtinai nežymiu naviko išplitimo procentu.

UNASSIGNED: Tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TSGCTs) are benign but aggressive lesions, and the treatment is resection. A low to intermediate signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is characteristic, which is similar to the signal intensity of muscle, and therefore can be challenging for lesion detection. T2-star (T2*)-weighted MR images reflect paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, or hemosiderin.
UNASSIGNED: In 23 TSGCT patients (6 male and 17 females), the T2*MRI findings were analyzed. The tumor locations involved 10 large joints including nine knees and one ankle, 10 small joints including six fingers and four toes, as well as three wrists/hands.
UNASSIGNED: Ten diffuse and 13 localized tumors were predominantly located in the large joints and small joints, respectively. The T2*-weighted images indicated three signal patterns of low, iso and high signal intensity compared to muscle. Low-, iso- and high-signal intensities were seen in 22 (96 %), 23 (100 %) and 12 (52 %) of the locations, respectively. To distinguish TSGCTs from the surrounding tissue, the low intensity T2*-weighted images and low to intermediate intensity T1-weighted images when compared to muscle and fluid, respectively were useful for the large joints. Low to intermediate intensity on T1- or T2-weighted images was useful to distinguish TSGCTs from subcutaneous tissue in the small joints.
UNASSIGNED: MRI using T2*-, as well as T1- and T2-weighted images, may be useful to detect lesions and assess the extent of TSGCTs in a tissue-specific manner, which is important for surgical planning.

UNASSIGNED: Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) is commonly seen in the appendicular skeleton, and rarely arises from the axial skeleton. We describe a rare case of GCTTS in an adolescent in the upper cervical spine.
UNASSIGNED: A previously healthy 16-year-old boy presented with a 6-month history of numbness of right upper extremity, and had experienced a neck pain 4 months ago. Spinal MRI demonstrated a small syrinx at C2 level and a well-circumscribed extradural mass with contrast enhancement extending from the posterior arch of C1 to C2. The extradural mass was totally resected, and the syrinx underwent clinical and imaging surveillance.
UNASSIGNED: GCTTS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the axial skeletal lesion although very rare. Gross-total resection is advocated in GCTTS of the upper cervical spine, and subtotal resection with meticulous lesion monitoring should be performed in unresectable cases.

<b>Introduction:</b> Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is the most common benign proliferative lesion involving the upper limb, characterized by relatively high recurrence rate after surgery. <br><b>Aim:</b> The objective of the study was a retrospective analysis of outcomes of the operative treatment of these tumors, in a longterm (a mean of 4,2 year) follow-up. <br><b>Material and methods:</b> Preoperative examination was performed in 58 patients, 36 females (62%) and 22 males (38%), in a mean age of 41 years, and treatment outcomes were assessed in 47 persons (81% of the operated patients), at a mean of 4.2-year follow-up. The final assessment was performed in a form of phone interview. <br><b>Results:</b> The most common site of the tumors was the fingers - 42 cases (72%). In 31 patients (53%) the lesion had a well-defined capsule, and in 11 (19%) a satellite nodule was found around the main tumor. A total of 9 relapses (21%) occurred, all within the first 2 years following surgery. Two patients had a next episode of recurrence after the second operation. In 8 out of the 9 patients with a recurrence, the primary lesion did not have a well-defined capsule. In 38 patients who had no relapse, 31 were completely symptom-free, whereas 7 complained of mild pain of the scar and/or numbness of a part of the involved finger. <br><b>Conclusions:</b> The main factor that impacted the high rate of recurrence was incomplete tumor excision, which resulted from inadequately accurate surgery and the tumor morphology (having no well-defend capsule). The role of operating with the use of magnifying devices and keeping a greater surgical margin at resection of the non-capsulated lesions was emphasized, as it could translate into reducing the recurrence rate.

UNASSIGNED: Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) is one of the common tumors of the hand, second only to a simple ganglionic cyst. It can arise from the synovium of joint, bursa, or tendon sheath. Two-thirds of the tumors occur on the volar aspect of fingers. GCTTS in palm is extremely rare. Recurrence of GCTTS is also rare.
UNASSIGNED: We report a 22-year-old female patient who presented to us with palmar swelling on the right hand for 6 years and operated with excision 4 years ago and having a recurrent larger swelling 8 months after the surgery. She was operated with tumor excision supported with marginal excision of the tumor. Follow-up at 1 year showed no recurrence with satisfactory outcome.
UNASSIGNED: GCTTS of the palm is rare. GCTTS recurrences are rarer. This was a recurrence of the rare palmar GCTTS of an unusually large size with secondary contracture which was successfully managed without recurrence and improvement from pre-operative hand functions.

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TSGCT) represents a family of benign tumors that arise from the synovial tissue of a joint, tendon sheath, or bursa. It usually involves the joints of the extremities and rarely occurs in the head and neck region. Here, we describe a case of a 32-year-old man with a submucosal mass bulging in the posterior pharyngeal wall since one month. The lesion was removed and diagnosed with localized type of TSGCT based on histopathological investigations and clinical presentation. It is very rare that TSGCT occurs in the retropharynx, which reminds clinicians to consider this entity as a possible diagnosis.

This review examines the following aspects of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TSGCTs): the use of multiple names, the complex relationship between tumor growth pattern and location, the high rate of postoperative recurrence, local invasiveness, use of nonsurgical therapy with molecularly targeted drugs, and best current treatments. This tumor has been referred to by various names, but is now most frequently referred to as TSGCT. TSGCT is classified as localized and diffuse, in accordance with its growth characteristics. Most TSGCTs of the fingers are localized. TSGCT is likely a neoplastic process arising from synovial lining cells, in which tumor cells express the colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) gene. The postoperative recurrence rate of TSGCT is approximately 15%. The intrinsic characteristics of recurrence are not clear, and complete resection of the lesion is still the treatment mainstay. Moreover, TSGCT commonly grows out of a pseudocapsule. Therefore, to perform complete resection of TSGCT, surgery must be performed cautiously after appropriate preparation, by using anesthesia, a tourniquet, surgical loupe, and surgical microscopy. After accurate preoperative diagnosis, meticulous planning by surgeons is necessary. The lesion should be resected along with approximately 1-mm of healthy tissue at the adhesion site. In addition, because satellite lesions might be present near the tumor, careful dissection and observation of the color of surrounding tissue are important. International clinical trials of CSF1 receptor inhibitors for TSGCT treatment are ongoing.

BACKGROUND: Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TSGCT) originates from the synovial cells of the tendon sheath and is the most common soft tissue tumor of the foot and ankle. Due to the lack of clinical data about TSGCT in the foot and ankle, this study was performed with the aim of investigating the clinical characteristics, and surgical outcomes that might predict the likelihood of recurrence.
METHODS: Clinical data, obtained from the pathology records and the clinic files, along with the tumor subtype, local recurrence, and patient functional status among 26 cases of TSGCT were evaluated with the mean 73 months follow-up period.
RESULTS: There were 26 patients including 16 males and 10 females with a mean age of 40 years, who underwent surgery. There were 15 localised TSGCT and 11 diffuse TSGCT. The diffuse TSGCT was more likely to be in the hindfoot dorsum (54,5%, 6/11). The localised TSGCT was mostly located in the forefoot (80%, 12/15). The recurrence rate in the diffuse TSGCT was 27,3% (3/11). In the localised TSGCT, recurrence was seen in 6,6% of patients (1/15). The mean AOFAS score was 79.
CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse TSGCT is more likely to occur in the hindfoot and localised TSGCT is more common in the forefoot. Excision with clear margins is an effective treatment for TSGCT, with good oncological and clinical outcomes. But the orthopaedic surgeons should consider the equilibrium between surgical margins and the functional status of the patient.

Background: Emerging literature introduces radiation therapy for benign hand conditions. However, hand surgeons are wary recommending radiation therapy for nonmalignant conditions. In our practice, we have used radiation therapy for patients who present with infiltrative or recurrent giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) since 1998. The purpose of this study is to examine the secondary effects of radiation to the hand through the critical lens of a hand surgeon. Methods: A case series of patients who received radiation therapy for GCTTS were reviewed. The Radiation Oncology/Toxicity Grading Late Radiation Morbidity Scoring Schema was used, and patients were questioned about symptoms and examined for physical findings involving their irradiated digits. Results: A total of 8 patients with GCTTS presented for follow-up. The average patient age was 59.1 years, and the average time since radiation therapy was 5.4 years. Patients had an average of 2.3 surgeries on the affected digit prior to receiving radiation therapy. The average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score was 8.1. The most common sign of radiation was nail changes. All patients complained of sensibility changes, although only 2 of the 8 patients had abnormal moving 2-point discrimination tests. There were no confirmed recurrences of GCTTS and no skin cancers. Conclusions: Patients who received radiation therapy to the hand report high levels of satisfaction with the therapy. Radiation therapy is tolerated well by these patients and has a low level of morbidity in our population.