Reptiles are usually asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, with the manifestation of typical clinical signs of acute forms in adult and non-immunocompromised animals being considered exceptions. In the present case, an adult male corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) was found dead due to septic shock 48 h after consuming a feeder mouse purchased online. The snake\'s tissue samples and faeces were cultured for bacteria isolation. Microbiological examinations of the snake and mouse livers revealed the presence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Midway. A whole-genome analysis of these two isolates showed a high correlation between them: they belonged to the strain type ST-357 for the classic MLST scheme and to the strain type ST 171322 for the cgMLST scheme. Also, a virulence gene analysis revealed the presence of stdB and STM3026 genes. This report conveys a case of food-borne salmonellosis in a pet snake, transmitted from a feeder mouse, likely responsible for the snake\'s death due to septic shock. It highlights the relevance of feeder mice as a source of Salmonella infections in snakes and the associated risks to human health.

The discovery of epigenetics and the interaction between genes and the environment have moved our understanding of how animal behavior develops from gestation to adulthood, and even throughout generations, to a new level. Studying the natural biology of exotic pets is key to providing them with a rich social and physical environment that will encourage species-specific behaviors. Combining parent-raising with appropriately timed human handling is likely to result in individuals with more resilience to stress. Using operant conditioning techniques early in life to train the animals\' basic behaviors gives them control over their environment, empowering them through their social interactions.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 in companion and exotic animals in a veterinary healthcare system.
METHODS: A total of 341 animals were sampled by a combination of oral and nasal swabs. Serum from whole blood was collected from a subset of animals (86 canines, 25 felines, and 6 exotic animals).
METHODS: After informed owner consent, convenience samples from client-owned animals and the pets of students and staff members associated with Colorado State University\'s Veterinary Health System were collected between May 2021 and September 2022. Study samples were collected by trained veterinarians, Veterinary Health System staff, and veterinary students.
RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by reverse transcription PCR in 1.6% (95% CI, 0.5% to 4.6%) of domestic canines and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.2% to 6.1%) of domestic felines. No RNA was detected in any of the exotic animal species tested (n = 66). Plaque reduction neutralization tests indicated that 12.8% (95% CI, 7.3% to 21.5%) of canines and 12.0% (95% CI, 4.2% to 30.0%) of felines had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides insight regarding SARS-CoV-2 spillover in domestic companion and exotic animals and contributes to our understanding of transmission risk in the veterinary setting.

Since late 2019, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a significant global threat to public health. Responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, this new coronavirus has prompted extensive scientific research to comprehend its transmission dynamics, especially among humans. However, as our understanding deepens, it becomes increasingly clear that SARS-CoV-2\'s impact goes beyond human populations. Recent investigations have illuminated the transmission of the virus between humans and various animal species, raising important questions about zoonotic spillover events and their potential implications for both human and animal health. Our study set out to investigate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals (dogs and cats) and zoo animals in the south of France in 2021 and 2022, covering pre-Omicron and Omicron waves. We identified evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies not only in domestic dogs and cats but also in several mammals in zoos. This study shows the importance of implementing surveillance measures, including serological studies, to identify and monitor cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals.

The role of veterinarians is becoming more significant and necessary to support the welfare and health not only of non-traditional companion animals and wildlife animals, but also of humans and the environment. The importance of the One Health/One World concept and its social impact is increasing significantly, accompanied by the notoriety of new emerging and reemerging zoonoses. This paper aims to review and anchor the main concepts and professional applications of zoological medicine, which has been extensively discussed and adapted in recent decades. In addition, we analyse the main social demands, training, and educational needs and the perception of veterinary professionals relating to this specialised veterinary discipline. Our final goal is to reinforce the use of the term zoological medicine and contribute to highlight the need to foster and underpin specific educational policies and programs on this matter in the veterinary curricula. Zoological medicine should be the appropriate and agreed-upon term in the academic language concerning the veterinary medicine of pets, wild, or zoo species, excluding traditional domestic animals, and integrating the principles of ecology and conservation, applied to both natural and artificial environments. This discipline has suffered an intense evolution covering applications in private clinics, zoos, bioparks, and wildlife. All this implies current and future challenges for the veterinary profession that can only be addressed with greater and better attention from multiple perspectives, especially the education and training of professionals to improve and specialise in their professional scope of services.

Research investigating health benefits from household human-animal bonds has focused mostly on bonds with companion dogs, cats, and horses. Wellbeing benefits associated with other companion animal species such as birds, fish, and reptiles are described and anecdotally reported, but there is little empirical literature supporting this. The literature suggests that health benefits of companion animals are predicated on human perceptions of the animal rather than the animal\'s species. Therefore, relationships with non-conventional companion animals of diverse species may benefit the health of their human guardians as do dogs, cats, and horses. This narrative review summarizes the current literature exploring perceived health benefits gained from non-conventional companion animals. Searches were conducted for published literature and grey literature up to October 2022 across PsycINFO and PubMed databases, and Newsbank media database for commercial media publications. Nineteen studies and 10 media articles were included in the review. Gaps in the literature include a lack of rigorous research to investigate the health benefits of non-conventional companion animals. Non-conventional companion animals may benefit their guardians by providing social support through acting as attachment figures, facilitating social opportunities and daily routines, fulfilling cognitive needs, and recreating restorative capacities of mindfully observing natural landscapes. Further high-quality research into the human-non-conventional companion animal bond is warranted.

UNASSIGNED: An analysis of samples originating from domestic and exotic animals from Lower Silesia but also from other parts of Poland was carried out based on research conducted in 2014-2017.
UNASSIGNED: The materials used for the study were 11,338 tumour samples taken in vivo during surgery and as biopsies and posthumously during necropsies. They were sent to the Department of Pathology at Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences for histopathological diagnosis.
UNASSIGNED: The largest group were canine tumours, of which there were 9,745 (85.95%), followed by feline tumours, totalling 1,397 (12.32%), tumours from exotic animals (186; 1.64%), from horses (7; 0.06%), and from cows (2; 0.02%). A significant number of cases of animals suffering from more than one tumour were also found, which had not been frequently diagnosed previously.
UNASSIGNED: The number of neoplasms diagnosed in pets and exotic animals is increasing every year. The average animal age at diagnosis continues to fall. The greatest number of neoplasms were diagnosed in mixed-breed dogs and cats, and the number of tumours in a pure breed strictly correlated with breed\'s popularity in the research period. Mesenchymal tumours are still the most prevalent type of tumours in dogs, while in cats epithelial tumours predominate. The neoplasm case pattern in animals conforms to that in humans in the same area.

Digitization has enhanced the utility of cytology in private practice by allowing for rapid sample receipt and analysis, leading to better informed real-time patient care. Despite many advantages of digital cytology, understanding its limitations is required to avoid common pitfalls. A strong foundation in sample preparation and imaging techniques is also required to obtain high-quality diagnostic samples. By optimizing these factors, the benefits of digital cytology are maximized, allowing for the practice of high-quality point-of-care medicine that best addresses the needs of the patient and pet owner in a rapid time frame.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is defined by the entire scientific community as the major threat for human health and it is responsible for an increase in morbidity and mortality rates. The reasons behind this phenomenon are complex and the solution is achievable only considering the One Health approach, that encompasses the integration and implementation of human health, veterinary medicine and environmental status. Authors aimed to write this review to summarize to readers the three milestones of One-Health, underlying the most important topics in which veterinary medicine is mostly involved. Therefore, a short introduction about the history of AMR in veterinary medicine is provided, then more detailed aspects about the impact of AMR related to pets, food producing animals, wild animals and environment are discussed. Finally, some critical aspects about current and future issues are considered.

The management of a breeding facility of exotic species is challenging and managing these on a large scale can be a daunting task for general practitioners or novice exotic animal veterinarians. They are usually not trained to work with flocks or herds, and even most exotic animal veterinarians are used to working with single patients. This article gives some suggestions and tips on how to proceed when facing an exotic animal collection and especially when breeding is not as successful as expected.