生态系统通过各种途径在减少灾害风险方面提供有价值的服务,越来越被认为是灾害管理的可持续战略。然而,关于降低风险的潜在生态过程的信息仍然有限。本文通过对2015年至2022年间发表的64篇同行评审研究文章的综述,通过综合生态机制和评估“证据水平”和“使用规模”来解决这一差距。这些研究文章涵盖了九种类型的灾难,主要是洪水(42.19%),其次是城市热浪(18.75%),暴雨径流(10.94%),海岸侵蚀(9.38%),海啸(4.69%),以及雪崩和滑坡(各6.25%)。支持生态过程减少灾害风险的证据水平适中,“使用范围”也是如此。结果表明,有一些研究描述了生态系统介导的风险降低的机制,并且大多局限于因果关系。经验证据表明,森林和淡水生态系统通过蒸腾,太阳辐射拦截,和蒸发冷却,虽然通过增加蒸散来减轻洪水风险,减少水径流时间,并促进渗透率。通过消散波浪能和海滩营养来减少沿海侵蚀,有利于生态演替。审查强调,危害衰减取决于森林类型等因素(例如,物种组成,年龄结构,和面积),和景观特征(例如,矩阵,组成和配置)。此外,已发表研究的地理范围主要限于发达国家和全球北方。生态学家和灾害专家参与的多学科研究对于解决现有的知识差距和加强将基于生态系统的适应纳入减少灾害风险战略至关重要。
Ecosystems provide valuable services in reducing the risks of disasters through various pathways, which are increasingly recognized as sustainable strategies for disaster management. However, there remains limited information on the underlying ecological processes of risk reduction. This paper addresses this gap by synthesizing ecological mechanisms and evaluating the \'level of evidence\' and \'scale of use\' through a review of 64 peer-reviewed research articles published between 2015 to 2022. These research articles covered nine types of disasters, predominantly floods (42.19 %), followed by urban heat waves (18.75 %), storm runoff (10.94 %), coastal erosion (9.38 %), tsunamis (4.69 %), and avalanches and landslides (6.25 % each). The level of evidence supporting ecological processes for disaster risk reduction is moderate, as is the \'scale of use\'. Results show that there are a few studies describing the mechanism of ecosystem-mediated risk reduction and are mostly limited to the causal relationship. Empirical evidence demonstrates that forest and freshwater ecosystems buffer the risk of urban heat through processes such as transpiration, solar radiation interception, and evaporative cooling, while flood risks are mitigated by enhancing evapotranspiration, reducing water runoff time, and facilitating infiltration rates. Coastal erosion is reduced by dissipating wave energy and through beach nourishment, which facilitates ecological succession. The review underscores that hazard attenuation depends on factors such as forest type (e.g., species composition, age structure, and area), and landscape characteristics (e.g., matrix, composition and configuration). Moreover, the geographic scope of published research is largely confined to developed countries and the global north. Multidisciplinary research involving ecologists and disaster experts is imperative to address existing knowledge gaps and enhance the integration of ecosystem-based adaptation into disaster risk reduction strategies.