Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) is a siloxane substance mainly used in cosmetics and personal care products. While octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) were once commonly used in personal care products, their usage has been restricted due to the classification as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT)/very persistent and very bio-accumulative (vPvB) substances. While D6 has emerged as a substitute for D4 and D5, the risk assessment for D6 remains limited compared to the evaluations for D4 and D5. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive risk assessment of D6. In this study, we reviewed the toxicity information on D6 and calculated the exposure level to D6, considering the content of D6 in cosmetic products. No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 1500 mg/kg bw/day was established in a repeated dose toxicity study after oral administration to rats. Negative results were found in tests on the ocular and skin irritation, skin sensitization, and genotoxicity of D6. According to the product content of up to 48% of D6 reported in 2012, the Systemic Exposure Dose (SED) was 5.4E-06 to 7.04 mg/kg bw/day for a 60 kg adult using the exposure factors from Korean cosmetic usage. The Margin of Safety was estimated to be between 35.5 and 4.63E+07, posing a potential health risk of D6 according to the maximum concentration and the product type. Further consideration of the potential of D6 as PBT or vPvB is also required.

The certification of cosmetic products has always been a prominent concern. Here, we have developed a pH sensor and applied it in the field of cosmetic safety. Initially, we designed two probes, CH with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect and the near-infrared fluorophore derivative CYTYR. By encapsulating them with DSPE-PEG2000-NH2, we obtained the CHCY-lipo nano-micelles with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) response. By combining them into a sensor array called pC, we achieved sensitive detection of a wide pH range, ranging from 4.69 to 9.25. To validate the performance of the pC sensor array, we employed a multi-channel mode and applied it to differentiate commercial anti-aging creams. Through linear discriminant analysis and 3D fingerprint analysis, the pC sensor array successfully distinguished anti-aging creams from different countries, providing a rapid and accurate method for cosmetic safety identification. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of the pC sensor array for quick authentication of cosmetic products, offering significant support and application prospects in safeguarding consumer health.

UNASSIGNED: Cosmetic behavior is an important daily activity, especially for women, because it increases visual attractiveness, self-confidence, and positive emotions. However, it is unknown whether a relationship exists between physiological measures and subjective experiences during the series of cosmetic behaviors.
UNASSIGNED: Electroencephalograms (EEG) and electrocardiograms (ECG) from thirty female participants who were asked to look in a mirror after applying skincare, as well as base, eye, cheek, and lip makeup were recorded. The price range of cosmetic products was also considered. Subjective evaluations of the skin surface, emotions, and self-confidence were equally measured after looking in the mirror at each step of the cosmetic behavior. Linear mixed models were fitted to examine whether the subjective experience could be explained by the variety of cosmetic products and/or physiological responses.
UNASSIGNED: The subjective evaluation was summarized into the following three factors using a factor analysis: self-confidence, hedonic perception, and negative emotion. Each theta-band (4-6 Hz) power, alpha-band (8-13 Hz) power of the EEG, and heart rate variability measures were subjected to a principal component analysis separately. The linear mixed models indicated that the variation in the self-confidence score and the negative emotion score was explained only by the steps of cosmetic behaviors, that is, self-confidence increased while negative emotions decreased as the steps of cosmetic behaviors proceeded. On the other hand, the hedonic perception score was explained by the interaction of the steps of cosmetic behaviors and price, indicating that positive tactile perception and positive emotion were higher when luxury cosmetic products were applied than when affordable products were applied. Furthermore, the model indicated that the hedonic perception score was positively associated with the alpha-band power over occipital sites whereas sympathetic nervous system activity was negatively associated with the alpha-band power over lateral central sites.
UNASSIGNED: These results suggest that positive perceptual and emotional experiences are associated with greater attention to somatosensory information than to visual information and sympathetic autonomic nervous system activities. The current results also emphasize the possibility of using physiological measurements as objective measures of cosmetic behavior.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) form a vast family comprising more than 4700 synthetic compounds. Their molecules contain a terminal functional group and a hydrophobic carbon tail (alkyl group) at which the hydrogen atoms are totally (in the case of perfluorinated compounds) or partially (in the case of polyfluorinated compounds) replaced by fluorine atoms. Due to the very specific properties of their structure, they have been used in a vast range of applications over the last 70 years. These substances are considered to be of concern for the environment. Their effects on human health are still poorly understood because studies are still too rare, but the cutaneous route could be a significant pathway of penetration. In this context, we made a qualitative study to assess the presence of PFAS in various cosmetics such as hygiene products, skin care products, make-up and perfumes. Among the 765 products studied, we found 11 different PFAS. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and perfluorodecalin, present in 25.9% and 22.2% of products containing it, respectively, were the most frequent. Although the presence of this type of ingredient seems to be limited in Europe, make-up appears to be the type of product most likely to contain PFAS.

Rinse-off cosmetic products, primarily shampoos, are frequently implicated in the onset of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by alkyl glucosides (AGs). AGs are increasingly popular surfactants and known contact allergens. Glucoside-induced ACD was most frequently observed with shampoos and skin-cleansing products in both consumer and occupational settings. Thereby, studies have shown that atopic individuals are the most susceptible to ACD. Also, several investigations have indicated that individuals with sensitive skin might be more prone to skin allergies. This is why the presence of AGs was investigated in shampoos and body cleansers marketed as hypoallergenic or for sensitive skin. For this purpose, the website of Amazon.com was surveyed. Four groups of cosmetics were obtained by using the following keywords: \"hypoallergenic shampoo for adults,\" \"sensitive skin shampoo for adults,\" \"hypoallergenic body cleanser for adults,\" and \"sensitive skin body cleanser for adults.\" The first 30 best-selling cosmetics in each group were investigated for the presence of AGs, by analyzing the product information pages. The results showed that as much as 56.7% of hypoallergenic shampoos contained AGs, as ingredients, whereas the percentage was somewhat lower for other product categories. Even though decyl and lauryl glucoside were nearly ubiquitously used AGs in cosmetics over the past decade, the most commonly present AG in our analysis was coco-glucoside. The results of this study indicated a necessity to include coco-glucoside in the baseline series of patch testing allergens. Industry, regulators, and healthcare providers should be made aware of the frequent presence of AGs in rinse-off cosmetic products marketed as hypoallergenic or for sensitive skin to ensure the safety and well-being of consumers and patients.

Mercury has been described as been in daily household items such as soaps, skin-lightening creams (SLC), and topical disinfectants. Mercury exposure can reportedly cause damage to the optic nerve and retina. A 30-year-old Somali woman presented with decreased vision and was found to have bilateral optic atrophy. Neuroimaging and laboratory work-up for nutritional deficiencies, heavy metals, and syphilis were performed. Evaluation revealed normal neuroimaging and laboratory work-up except for elevated serum and urine mercury levels. Mercury levels at the initial blood test was 11.1 ug/L (normal limits < 10.0 ug/L) and was 15.7 ug/L on repeat testing. A 24-h urine test showed elevated mercury at 16 ug/24 h (normal limits < 2 ug/24 h). Evaluation of an unlabelled SLC that she was using showed the presence of mercury. It is worth testing for heavy metals in the work-up of bilateral optic atrophy. Clinicians should consider cosmetic products as a potential source of mercury exposure and recommend discontinuation if mercury is present.

Chalcone is an important scaffold within medicinal and cosmetic chemistry. The structure enables multiple modifications which may result in obtaining compounds with desirable bioactivity. One of the chalcone derivatives, 4-methoxychalcone is a known cosmetic ingredient indexed in Cosing database as an antioxidant, bleaching, and skin conditioning substance. We investigated its in silico and in vitro safety profile. In silico study using Derek Nexus showed its potential of skin sensitisation, equivocal nature of chromosome damage in vitro in mammals, but also no mutagenic properties. In vitro research proved its activity as melanogenesis inhibitor in B16F10 cell line at the doses 12.5-3.125 μM. Evaluations performed in various cell lines showed that the cytotoxic doses were 50-25 μM. Tests in Episkin™ proved its ability to penetrate across epidermis and enabled classification of 2% formulation in PEG as non-irritant. In micronucleus tests it showed no genotoxicity. Studies in Cunninghamella echinulata model proved that 4-methoxychalcone was metabolised to less lipophilic products. 4-methoxychalcone showed phototoxic potential, its EC50(+UV) = 3.57 μg/mL, PIF = 10.19 and MPE = 0.428 were comparable to chlorpromazine. Moreover, 4-methoxychalcone showed ecotoxic potential in Microtox® assay with EC50(5 min) = 0.0047 mg/L and EC50(15 min) = 0.0033 mg/L. Although active doses were lower than toxic ones, some potential safety risks were noticed. Especially, due to the phototoxicity potential of 4-methoxychalcone, its use as depigmenting agent should involve avoidance of sunlight and use of appropriate photoprotection.

The Middle East and North Africa region, including Lebanon, is well known for its excessive cosmetics expenditure. While the use of beauty products is increasing, it is unclear if customers are aware of the products\' safety and proper use.
UNASSIGNED: To explore Lebanese women\'s knowledge and attitudes toward cosmetics use.
UNASSIGNED: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2021 among a sample of adult Lebanese women. Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire divided into 3 sections (sociodemographic characteristics, cosmetics knowledge, and attitude) and shared via social media platforms. Knowledge and attitude scores were then calculated. Descriptive and regression analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. P value < .05 was considered statistically significant.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 1,051 females completed the survey, and the age range of the majority 744 (70.8%) was between 18 and 20 years. The mean score of participants\' knowledge was 7.54 ± 2.7 (range 0-14) with 658 (62.6%) of the respondents being knowledgeable about cosmetics. The study sample exhibited an overall positive attitude toward cosmetics. A significant association was observed between the area of residency and monthly income of respondents and their knowledge toward cosmetic products (P < .001).
UNASSIGNED: The self-administered questionnaire may have resulted in information bias and it targeted only those having internet access, and the age group 18 to 20 years was overrepresented.
UNASSIGNED: The study sample demonstrated a good level of knowledge as well as a positive attitude toward cosmetics. However, raising awareness on the acute and chronic side effects of cosmetics is warranted.

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Rising environmental awareness drives green consumers to purchase sustainable cosmetics based on natural bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to deliver Rosa canina L. extract as a botanical ingredient in an anti-aging gel using an eco-friendly approach. Rosehip extract was first characterized in terms of its antioxidant activity through a DPPH assay and ROS reduction test and then encapsulated in ethosomal vesicles with different percentages of ethanol. All formulations were characterized in terms of size, polydispersity, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Release and skin penetration/permeation data were obtained through in vitro studies, and cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay on WS1 fibroblasts. Finally, ethosomes were incorporated in hyaluronic gels (1% or 2% w/v) to facilitate skin application, and rheological properties were studied. Rosehip extract (1 mg/mL) revealed a high antioxidant activity and was successfully encapsulated in ethosomes containing 30% ethanol, having small sizes (225.4 ± 7.0 nm), low polydispersity (0.26 ± 0.02), and good entrapment efficiency (93.41 ± 5.30%). This formulation incorporated in a hyaluronic gel 1% w/v showed an optimal pH for skin application (5.6 ± 0.2), good spreadability, and stability over 60 days at 4 °C. Considering sustainable ingredients and eco-friendly manufacturing technology, the ethosomal gel of rosehip extract could be an innovative and green anti-aging skincare product.