OBJECTIVE: To identify differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in condyloma acuminatum (CA) and to explore their probable regulatory mechanisms by establishing coexpression networks.
METHODS: High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to assess genome-wide lncRNA expression in CA and paired adjacent mucosal tissue. The expression of candidate lncRNAs and their target genes in larger CA specimens was validated using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‒qPCR). Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were used for the functional enrichment analysis of these candidate lncRNAs and differential mRNAs. The coexpressed mRNAs of the candidate lncRNAs, calculated by Pearson\'s correlation coefficient, were also analysed using GO and KEGG analysis. In addition, the interactions among differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs)-cis-regulatory transcription factors (cisTFs)-differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analysed and their network was constructed.
RESULTS: A total of 546 lncRNAs and 2553 mRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in CA compared to the paired control. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs coexpressed with DElncRNAs were enriched in the terms of cell adhesion and keratinocyte differentiation, and the pathways of ECM-receptor interaction, local adhesion, PI3K/AKT and TGF-ß signaling. We further constructed the network among DElncRNAs-cisTFs-DEGs and found that these 95 DEGs were mainly enriched in GO terms of epithelial development, regulation of transcription or gene expression. Furthermore, the expression of 3 pairs of DElncRNAs and cisTFs, EVX1-AS and HOXA13, HOXA11-AS and EVX1, and DLX6-AS and DLX5, was validated with a larger number of specimens using RT‒qPCR.
CONCLUSIONS: CA has a specific lncRNA profile, and the differentially expressed lncRNAs play regulatory roles in mRNA expression through cis-acting TFs, which provides insight into their regulatory networks. It will be useful to understand the pathogenesis of CA to provide new directions for the prevention, clinical treatment and efficacy evaluation of CA.

BACKGROUND: Anal condyloma acuminatum (CA) is marked by its thorny treatment and high recurrence rate. Although 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) demonstrates significant efficacy and safety in treating anal CA, it does not completely prevent recurrence. This study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram model in predicting the risk of relapse in HIV-negative patients with anal CA following treatment with ALA-PDT.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients diagnosed with anal CA who received combined CO2 laser vaporization and ALA-PDT between January 2013 and May 2023. Patients were divided into recurrence and non-recurrence groups. A nomogram was developed based on factors showing statistical significance in multivariable logistic regression analysis. The discriminative ability and clinical utility of the nomogram were assessed via ROC curves and decision curve analysis, with internal validation performed through bootstrap resampling.
RESULTS: Among the 176 patients included, 33 (18.75 %) experienced recurrence, while 143 did not. Independent predictors for recurrence included HPV types, history of anal intercourse, and the number of CO2 laser treatments received. Incorporating these predictors, the nomogram demonstrated a superior diagnostic performance (area under the curve = 0.881, 95 % CI: 0.818-0.935) and a significant net benefit in decision curve analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: The nomogram accurately predicts the risk of recurrence in HIV-negative patients with anal CA following ALA-PDT. It offers a valuable tool for guiding preoperative clinical decision-making and establishing personalized treatment strategies to minimize the risk of relapse.

Buschke-Löwenstein tumor (BLT), also called giant condyloma acuminatum is a rare clinical manifestation caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), usually type 6 or 11 (90 %). The BLT is described as a tumor with localized aggressiveness, rather slow but destructive and invasive growth of surrounding tissues, benign histology, low metastatic potential, and a high tendency of recurrence. We present the case of a 55-year old non-immunocompetent man, with beige, cauliflower-like papillomae presented on glans penis and coronal sulcus which increased in size for a few weeks. The lesions were surgically removed, while maintaining negative surgical margins and good cosmetic outcomes.

Anti interleukin (IL)-17A therapy is a common and effective treatment for psoriasis, but there are also risks of infection. In this case, we presented a patient who experienced a swift progression of condyloma acuminatum on the genitals during psoriasis treatment with secukinumab, a human IL-17A antagonist. Through this case, we strongly suspect that anti IL-17A treatment may promote the onset and rapid progression of low-risk HPV-associated condyloma acuminatum.

This case illustrates the surgical management of a perianal mass, initially misdiagnosed as condyloma acuminatum in a male patient in his late 50s, later identified as invasive squamous cell carcinoma following excision. Despite extensive preoperative evaluation, the lesion\'s malignancy was confirmed through histopathology. The significant, fungating mass required a multidisciplinary approach, culminating in a pT3 staging and additional wide excision with inferior gluteal artery perforator flap reconstruction. This case underscores the critical importance of surgical diligence and adaptability, highlighting the role of comprehensive surgery in both diagnosis and treatment of complex perianal malignancies, and reaffirms the value of a multidisciplinary team in achieving favourable outcomes.

Condyloma acuminatum (CA) is a prevalent sexually transmitted disease caused by low-risk human papillomavirus infection, characterized by high transmission and recurrence rates. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating gene transcription and are involved in various biological processes. Although recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of lncRNAs in cervical cancer, their expression profile and function in CA remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to identify messenger RNA (mRNA) and lncRNA expression patterns in CA using high-throughput lncRNA sequencing. We found that 3033 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1090 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were significantly altered in CA compared to healthy controls. The results from quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining are in accordance with the observed trends in the sequencing data. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that upregulated DEGs in CA were involved in biological processes such as virus response, immune response, cell cycle regulation, the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and the P53 signaling pathway. Co-expression network analysis identified potential target genes of DELs, with enrichment in biological processes such as cell differentiation, the intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway, and pathways such as virus infection, pathways in cancer, T helper 17 cell differentiation, the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, and the Wnt signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings indicate significant changes in the transcriptome profile, including mRNAs and lncRNAs, in CA compared to healthy controls. Our study provides new insights into the potential functions of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of CA and identifies potential therapeutic targets for this disease.

The mucosa of the oral cavity is exposed to a large number of different microorganisms such as archaea, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Among those, viruses cause specific infections, which can easily be transmitted from one person to another. The infectious route may not only include patients and their relatives but also the dental professional team. Thus, a wide knowledge regarding specific viral infections is crucial for the daily routine. Signs and symptoms of oral viral infections can be completely absent or develop into a pronounced clinical picture, so that early detection and information determine the further course of the infection and its influence on other inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis, as well as the safety of family members and the social environment. As the clinical manifestation of viral infections may be highly variable leading to heterogenous mucosal lesions it is, in most cases, mandatory to differentiate them by specific microbiological tests in addition to clinical examination procedures. This article will give an overview of the role of viruses infecting the oral mucosa, and in addition, describe their clinical manifestation and management.

Rowell\'s syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme skin lesions, and speckled antinuclear antibody. We report the case of a woman who presented with erythema multiforme with target-type skin lesions and vulvar vegetation who fulfilled the criteria for Rowell\'s syndrome and condyloma acuminatum. The simultaneous occurrence of both conditions has rarely been reported in the literature.

BACKGROUND: Condyloma acuminatum (CA) of the vagina is a sexually transmitted disease due to infection by human papilloma virus (HPV). The treatment efficacy of the conventional methods for vaginal CA is often unsatisfactory with a high recurrence rate. Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) combined with CO2 laser pretreatment is a feasible approach for vaginal CA, but the effectiveness and safety need further evaluation.
METHODS: This study enrolled 15 patients with vaginal CA. All patients underwent CO2 laser ablation and then ALA-PDT for two or three cycles. The clinical efficacy and side effects were evaluated and analyzed during the treatment and 6 months after the treatment.
RESULTS: The wart lesions in 4 cases (26.7 %) disappeared after the first treatment. The wart lesions in 5 cases (33.3 %) disappeared after the second treatment. And 6 cases (40 %) needed three treatment cycles before the lesions disappeared completely. The complete response (CR) rate was 93.3 % (14/15) at 2 weeks after three treatment cycles. There were 5 cases (83.3 %) which have complete remission after 2 treatments in warts diameter <1 cm group. There were only 4 cases (44.4 %) which have complete remission after 2 treatments in diameter>1 cm group. All patients had CR without reoccurrence at 6 months after treatment. The side effects mainly included a mild or moderate burning or stinging sensation (26.7 %). There were no infection, ulcers and scars after treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy combined with CO2 laser pretreatment is a safe and effective treatment for vaginal CA.

Condyloma acuminatum is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by human papillomavirus infection and is a benign hyperplastic lesion of the genital and perianal areas. The principle of its treatment is to remove the visible warts as much as possible and to prevent recurrence. Traditional treatment methods of condyloma acuminatum, such as CO2 laser, liquid nitrogen freezing, surgery, and topical medications, can remove warts. However, these methods have disadvantages such as pain, high recurrence rates, long treatment cycles, and scarring. Aminolevulinic acid/photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT), a safe and effective method, has been widely used to treat condyloma acuminatum in recent years. Condyloma acuminatum occurs relatively rarely in elderly patients, in whom treatment is difficult owing to poorer physiological function. We successfully treated an 87-year-old patient with a giant condyloma acuminatum of the glans penis using six sessions of ALA-PDT at 7-day intervals and obtained satisfactory results. No recurrence was observed during a 6-month follow-up. Therefore, ALA-PDT is worth popularizing in clinical practice.