背景:尿石症已经成为一种全球性的疾病,被认为是最痛苦的医学问题之一。石头的元素组成提供了至关重要的信息,帮助了解原因,机制,和石头形成的个体差异。通过了解不同类型石头中元素之间的相互作用,探索元素在石头形成中的关键作用,为泌尿系结石疾病的防治提供见解。
方法:本研究收集了北京地区80例患者的尿路结石样本。使用红外光谱仪鉴定尿路结石的化学成分。使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)确定尿结石中主要和微量元素的浓度。分别。使用相关分析和主成分分析(PCA)方法处理数据。
结果:泌尿系结石分为五种类型:草酸钙(CO)结石,碳酸盐磷灰石(CA)石,尿酸(UA)结石,混合CO和CA石,和混合的CO和UA石。Ca是主要元素,五个石头组的平均含量为2.64%至27.68%。根据地球化学分析,高含量元素的顺序为:Ca>Mg>Na>K>Zn>Sr相关分析和PCA表明,不同类型尿路结石的元素之间的相互作用存在显着差异。在结石形成过程中,具有类似Ca的电荷和离子结构的微量元素可能会替代Ca。如Sr和Pb影响除混合石型外的大多数石型中的Ca。此外,Mg,Zn和Ba可以替代混合石中的Ca,显示元素行为取决于石材类型。
结论:本研究主要揭示了与5种类型尿路结石相关的独特的元素特征。此外,对这些元素的分析表明,以电荷和离子结构类似于Ca(例如Sr和Pb)的微量元素取代会影响大多数石头类型。这表明石头成分对元素行为的依赖性。这项研究的结果将增强我们应对泌尿系结石对全球健康带来的挑战的能力,并提高对具有不同结石成分的个体的干预措施的准确性。
BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis has emerged as a global affliction, recognized as one of the most excruciating medical issues. The elemental composition of stones provides crucial information, aiding in understanding the causes, mechanisms, and individual variations in stone formation. By understanding the interactions between elements in various types of stones and exploring the key role of elements in stone formation, insights are provided for the prevention and treatment of urinary stone disease.
METHODS: This study collected urinary stone samples from 80 patients in Beijing. The chemical compositions of urinary stones were identified using an infrared spectrometer. The concentrations of major and trace elements in the urinary stones were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The data were processed using correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods.
RESULTS: Urinary stones are categorized into five types: the calcium oxalate (CO) stone, carbonate apatite (CA) stone, uric acid (UA) stone, mixed CO and CA stone, and mixed CO and UA stone. Ca is the predominant element, with an average content ranging from 2.64 to 27.68% across the five stone groups. Based on geochemical analysis, the high-content elements follow this order: Ca > Mg > Na > K > Zn > Sr. Correlation analysis and PCA suggested significant variations in the interactions between elements for different types of urinary stones. Trace elements with charges and ionic structures similar to Ca may substitute for Ca during the process of stone formation, such as Sr and Pb affecting the Ca in most stone types except mixed stone types. Moreover, the Mg, Zn and Ba can substitute for Ca in the mixed stone types, showing element behavior dependents on the stone types.
CONCLUSIONS: This study primarily reveals distinct elemental features associated with five types of urinary stones. Additionally, the analysis of these elements indicates that substitutions of trace elements with charges and ion structures similar to Ca (such as Sr and Pb) impact most stone types. This suggests a dependence of stone composition on elemental behavior. The findings of this study will enhance our ability to address the challenges posed by urinary stones to global health and improve the precision of interventions for individuals with different stone compositions.