由于关节软骨(AC)和骨软骨(OC)的自我修复能力有限以及缺乏及时和适当的临床治疗,因此越来越重视开发有效的关节软骨(AC)和骨软骨(OC)再生策略。传统的细胞依赖性组织工程面临各种挑战,如细胞来源受限,表型改变,和免疫排斥。相比之下,内源性组织工程代表了一种有前途的替代方案,利用无细胞生物材料将内源性细胞引导到损伤部位并刺激其内在的再生潜能。这篇综述全面概述了用于AC和OC再生的内源性组织工程策略的最新进展。重点是包含内源性干/祖细胞(ESCs)的组织工程三联体,脚手架,和生物分子。AC和OC微环境中存在多种类型的ESPC,包括骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs),脂肪间充质干细胞(AD-MSCs),滑膜间充质干细胞(SM-MSCs),和AC衍生的干/祖细胞(CSPC),表现出向损伤部位迁移的能力,并表现出促再生特性。各种形式的支架的制造和特性,包括水凝胶,多孔海绵,静电纺丝纤维,粒子,电影,多层支架,生物陶瓷,还有生物玻璃,强调它们适合AC和OC维修,系统总结。此外,这篇综述强调了生物分子在促进ESPC迁移中的关键作用,附着力,软骨形成,成骨,以及调节炎症,老化,内源性AC和OC再生的肥大关键过程。提供了对内源性组织工程策略在体内AC和OC再生中的应用的见解,并讨论了增强再生结果的未来观点。
Increasing attention has been paid to the development of effective strategies for articular cartilage (AC) and osteochondral (OC) regeneration due to their limited self-reparative capacities and the shortage of timely and appropriate clinical treatments. Traditional cell-dependent tissue engineering faces various challenges such as restricted cell sources, phenotypic alterations, and immune rejection. In contrast, endogenous tissue engineering represents a promising alternative, leveraging acellular biomaterials to guide endogenous cells to the injury site and stimulate their intrinsic regenerative potential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in endogenous tissue engineering strategies for AC and OC regeneration, with a focus on the tissue engineering triad comprising endogenous stem/progenitor cells (ESPCs), scaffolds, and
biomolecules. Multiple types of ESPCs present within the AC and OC microenvironment, including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs), synovial membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SM-MSCs), and AC-derived stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs), exhibit the ability to migrate toward injury sites and demonstrate pro-regenerative properties. The fabrication and characteristics of scaffolds in various formats including hydrogels, porous sponges, electrospun fibers, particles, films, multilayer scaffolds, bioceramics, and bioglass, highlighting their suitability for AC and OC repair, are systemically summarized. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the pivotal role of
biomolecules in facilitating ESPCs migration, adhesion, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, as well as regulating inflammation, aging, and hypertrophy-critical processes for endogenous AC and OC regeneration. Insights into the applications of endogenous tissue engineering strategies for in vivo AC and OC regeneration are provided along with a discussion on future perspectives to enhance regenerative outcomes.