SummaryFungi是无处不在的重要生物圈居民,以及它们分解的能力,降解,以其他方式转化大量的有机和无机物质,包括植物有机物,岩石,矿物,在建筑环境和文化遗产中,它们作为生物变质剂的重要意义得到了巩固。真菌通常是文化遗产生物恶化的最明显因素,其影响范围包括变色,染色,和生物污染破坏建筑部件,历史文物,和艺术品。孢子形成,形态适应,丝状真菌的探索性渗透生活方式使固体基质能够有效分散和定植,虽然许多物种能够承受环境胁迫因素,如干燥,紫外线辐射,盐度,和潜在有毒的有机和无机物质。许多人可以在营养有限的条件下生长,和许多产生抗性的细胞形式,可以在长期的不利条件下存活。因此,真菌的生活方式和化学有机营养代谢能够在与室内和室外文化遗产相关的经常遇到的极端条件下适应和成功。除了自由生活的真菌,地衣是一种真菌生长形式和无处不在的先锋定殖者和户外材料的生物变质原,尤其是以石头和矿物为基础的建筑构件。本文调查了真菌在文化遗产生物退化中的作用和意义。参考所涉及的机制以及与所遇到的物质范围有关的机制,以及评估和防治真菌生物变质的方法,以及如何在生物保护中利用某些真菌过程。
SUMMARYFungi are ubiquitous and important biosphere inhabitants, and their abilities to decompose, degrade, and otherwise transform a massive range of organic and inorganic substances, including plant organic matter, rocks, and minerals, underpin their major significance as biodeteriogens in the built environment and of cultural heritage. Fungi are often the most obvious agents of cultural heritage
biodeterioration with effects ranging from discoloration, staining, and biofouling to destruction of building components, historical artifacts, and artwork. Sporulation, morphological adaptations, and the explorative penetrative lifestyle of filamentous fungi enable efficient dispersal and colonization of solid substrates, while many species are able to withstand environmental stress factors such as desiccation, ultra-violet radiation, salinity, and potentially toxic organic and inorganic substances. Many can grow under nutrient-limited conditions, and many produce resistant cell forms that can survive through long periods of adverse conditions. The fungal lifestyle and chemoorganotrophic metabolism therefore enable adaptation and success in the frequently encountered extremophilic conditions that are associated with indoor and outdoor cultural heritage. Apart from free-living fungi, lichens are a fungal growth form and ubiquitous pioneer colonizers and biodeteriogens of outdoor materials, especially stone- and mineral-based building components. This article surveys the roles and significance of fungi in the
biodeterioration of cultural heritage, with reference to the mechanisms involved and in relation to the range of substances encountered, as well as the methods by which fungal
biodeterioration can be assessed and combated, and how certain fungal processes may be utilized in bioprotection.